Separations

Laboratory Separations
 Types of Filtration
 Gravity Filtration
 Suction Filtration
 Methods of Separation
 Centrifuges
 Separating Funnels
 Distillation
 Rotary Evaporation
 Gravity Filtration
 Separates solids from
liquids
 Filter paper is folded and
placed inside the funnel
 A conical flask is placed
underneath to catch the
filtrate
 Filter paper is fluted or a
cone
 Fluting gives greater
surface area, so filtering is
quicker
 Suction Filtration
 Used when the solid precipitate is
needed
 A round filter paper is placed
inside a Buchner funnel Buchner Buchner
 The side of the Buchner flask is Funnel Flask
attached to a vacuum Hirsch
 Buchner flask should be clamped Funnel
 Prevents toppling
 Do not allow filtrate to reach the
suction arm
 Fine ppt can block pores and
make the process slower
 Let the ppt settle before turning
on the suction
 Hirsch funnel can be used for
small quantities
 Centrifuges
 Solid can be removed from a
small amount of liquid
 E.g. blood cells from blood
plasma
 Sample placed in a vial
 Vial is then placed in a rotor
 Balancing the rotor is very
important
 Vials are put opposite each
other on the rotor
 Rotors spins at varying
thousands of rpm (revolutions
per minute)
 The solid is forced into the
base of the vial
 Separating Funnels
 For immiscible liquids (i.e.
liquids that don’t mix) stopper

 E.g. diethyl ether and water separating funnel

upper layer
 The mixture is poured into the lower layer (less dense)
funnel (more dense)
tap
 The layers are allowed to
separate
 The lower layer can then be
tapped off
 REMEMBER – remove the
stopper when tapping off the
bottom layer, otherwise a
vacuum will be formed!
 Distillation
 For separating miscible liquids
 Boiling points must be
different by 10˚C
 Mixture is heated in round-
bottomed flask
 All joints should be greased to
ensure a good seal
 First liquid reaches boiling
point
 Vapours travel up to the Liebig
condenser, which is water
cooled
 Vapours condense (distillate)
 Distillate is collected in a
receiving flask
 Rotary Evaporation
 For removal of large amounts of
low boiling solvent
 Sample is contained in a large
round-bottomed flask
 Which rotates gently in a heated
water bath
 Vacuum pump reduces the
pressure – which makes solvent
boils at a lower temp than normal
b.p.
 Solvent vapours are cooled in a
water cooled condenser
 Solute is left in the round
bottomed flask
 Condensate collected in the
receiving flask.
PENGERINGAN DENGAN SPRAY DRYER
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