ENZYMES

By : 1. ZAHIN IRFAN 2. SYAHMI SALEH

3.HAFIZZAL ADAM 4. ZAZLI ZAL
5. AFIQ IZWAN 6. TIRMIDZI

4 CITA
 THE ROLES OF ENZYMES IN ORGANISMS

• Biochemical reactions that occur within a living organism is called METABOLISM

• Metabolism includes: 1. ANABOLISM – metabolic reactions that build
complex molecules.
2. CATABOLISM – metabolic reactions that break
down complex molecules.
• Enzymes are biological catalysts that regulate almost all cellular reactions.
• The reactant in an enzymatic reaction is called substrate
• The substance formed at the end of the reaction is called products
 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ENZYMES

1. All enzymes are protein which are synthesised by living organisms

2. Enzymes are needed in small amounts because the same enzyme molecule can process
a large number of substrate molecules
• Enzymes are not used up but released at the end of the reaction
3. Enzymes speed up biochemical reactions
• Enzymes are not changed or destroyed by the reactions they catalyse
4. Most enzymes can catalyse specific reactions both in the forward and in the reverse
directions because most metabolic reactions are reversible
5. Enzymes activities can be slowed down or stopped by inhibitors
6. Enzymes are highly specific which can usually catalyse one kind of substrate
• Enzymes have specific sites called active sites which bind to specific substrates
7. Many enzymes require helper molecules called cofactors
• Cofactors bind to the enzymes and help to weaken the bonds in the substrate molecules
 NAMING OF ENZYMES

• 1. The name of enzyme is derived from the name of the substrate it catalyses.
• 2. The name of most enzymes are derived by adding suffix –ase to the name of the
substrates they hydrolyse. For example:

• 3. However, there are some enzymes that were named before a systematic way of
naming enzymes was formulated. For example, pepsin, trypsin and rennin.
 SYNTHESIS OF ENZYMES

• 1. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. Since enzymes are proteins,
ribosomes are also the sites of enzymes synthesis.
• 2. The information for the synthesis of enzymes is carried by the DNA. The different
sequences of bases in the DNA are codes to make different proteins. During the
process, messenger RNA is formed to translate the codes into a sequence of amino
acids. These amino acids are bonded together to form specific enzymes according to
DNA’s codes.
 INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR
ENZYMES
INTRACELLULAR ENZYMES

• Enzymes which are produced and retained in the cell for the use of the cells itself
• Found in ; cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts
• Example : - oxido-reductase catalyses biological oxidation
- reduction in mitochondria
EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES

• Enzymes which are produced in the cell but secreted from the cell to function externally
• Example : - digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas are not used by the cells in the
pancreas but are transported to the duodenum
 THE PRODUCTION OF EXTRACELLULAR
ENZYMES
1. In the nucleus, the DNA double helix unwinds & exposes its two strands for the synthesis of
mRNA strand.

2. The mRNA (messenger RNA) leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore and moves to a
ribosome. The mRNA attaches itself to the ribosome.

3. Proteins are synthesised & transported through the space within the rough ER.

4. Proteins depart from rough ER wrapped in vesicles (transport vesicle) that bud off from the
membrane.

5. The transport vesicle then fuse with Golgi apparatus. The proteins are further modified,
packaged, sorted (eg. carbohydrates are added to proteins --> glycoproteins)

6. Secretory vesicles then bud off from the Golgi apparatus & travel to plasma membrane.

7. They then diffuse with the plasma membrane before being released outside.
THE PRODUCTION OF EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES
 THE MECHANISM OF ENZYME ACTION

• Most enzyme are complex, globular protein made up of one or more

polypeptide chains
• An enzyme has a 3D shape which is very precise
• The polypeptide chains are folded to form a cleft or pocket called active site
• The active site has a distinctive shape and charges that complement its
substrate
• Hence, the shape of the substrate must fit the enzyme precisely of a reaction
is to take place and explained why enzymes are highly specific
 BINDING AN ENZYME TO A ITS SUBSTRATE

• The way an enzyme bind to its substrate can be explained by the 'lock and key'
hypothesis.

• The substrate molecule is represented by 'key' while the enzyme molecule is

represented by 'lock'.

• The substrate molecule binds to the active site to form an enzyme-substrate complex,
like a key fits into a lock.

• The enzyme catalyses the conversion of the substrate to product(s) which then depart
from the active site.

• The enzyme os now free to bind more molecules of the substrate.

• Text

• The sequence steps of enzyme reaction are summaries as follows :

Enzyme + substrate ~ enzyme-substrate complex ~ enzyme + product

 FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACTIVITY
OF ENZYME
-TEMPERATURE
• At low temperature, an enzyme-catalysed reaction takes place slowly. This is because the substrate molecules are
moving at a relatively slow rate
• As the temperature increases, the substrate molecules moves faster.
-collision between substrate and enzyme molecules occur more frequently.
-the random movement of molecules and the frequentness of collisions increases the chances of substrate
molecules coming into contact with active site of the enzyme.
- So, at higher temperature, rate of reaction between substrate and enzyme increases.
• For every 10•C rise in temperature, the rate of enzymatic reaction in a cell is doubled.
• However, this is only true until the optimum temperature is reached
• As the surrounding temperature increases, the rates of reaction increases until it reached optimum temperature
• The optimum temperature is the temperature at which enzyme-catalysed reaction at the maximum rate.
• Each enzyme has an optimum temperature at which its reaction rate is the fastest.
• Most enzymes in humans and animals have optimum temperature at 37•C.
• Beyond the optimum temperature, any increases in temperature causes the rate of
reaction to decrease sharply until it stops completely at about 60•C
• At very high temperature, the chemical bonds holding an enzyme molecule in
their shape begin to break
• This will alter the 3D shape of enzyme molecule and eventually destroyed the
active site.
• This means the substrate can’t fit into the active site of the enzyme. The enzyme is
said to be denatured
• Denaturation of enzyme is irreversible. Therefore, it is important to maintain its
temperature at optimum level
• Most organisms can’t survive at temperature above 40•C. However, there are
some organisms that can live at higher temperatures. Suchlike bacteria in hot
springs have optimum temperature of between 80•C and 100•C or higher
 FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACTIVITY OF
ENZYME
-pH
• Enzymes are sensitive to the changes of pHin their surroundings
• Enzymes can only function optimally at a particular pH
• Optimum pH which the rate of reaction is the fastest ranges from 6 to 8
• A change in the pH can alter the charges the active sites of the enzymes and the substrate
surfaces
• It can reduce the ability of both molecules to bind with each other
• Pepsin can only function in acidic condition (pH 2) in the stomach
• Trypsin can only function in alkaline condition (pH 8.5) within the duodenum
• Effects of pH on the enzymes are reversible
• When the pH reverts to optimum level, the ionic charge oof the enzymes are restored
• Thus the enzymes resume their normal function
 FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACTIVITY OF
ENZYME
-SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION
• The rate of enzyme-catalyzed reaction increase to the increase of the substrate
concentration to the maximum rate
• Concentration of substrate increases, more substrate molecules are available to bind
the active sites of the enzymes. Hence, more product will be produced
• More chances of collisions between the substrate molecules and the enzyme
molecules to take place
• Increase in substrate concentration will speed up the reaction if there are enough
enzyme molecules to catalyse
• The enzyme is said to be saturated
• The concentration of enzyme is a limiting factor
• To increase the rate of reaction is to increase the concentration of enzymes
THE EFFECT OF ENZYME CONCENTRATION
ON THE ACTIVITY OF ENZYMES
• The rate of enzyme-catalysed reaction increases when the enzyme concentration is
increased
• As long as:
- No other factors are limiting the rate of reaction
- the substrate molecules available are in excess
• The rate of an enzymes-catalysed reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of
enzyme present until a maximum rate is achieved
• Beyond the maximum rate of reaction, the concentration of substrate becomes a limiting
factor
• When the enzyme concentration is doubled, the rate of reaction that are converted to
product will be doubled
 THE USES OF ENZYME

• Enzymes can be used as catalysts in various industrial processes known as enzyme

technology
• As example, meat products in food processing industry use enzyme protease to
tenderises meat
• For textile products, they use amylase enzyme to remove starch that is used as
stiffeners from fabrics