ANALISIS DEL DISCURSO

Discourse analysis and phonology

María Rosalina Rodríguez Arellano

Introduction

Phonology

What do we think of as
“pronunciation”?

We devote most of aour attention to

Intonation
 Phonology is a branch of
linguistics, closely related to
phonetics. It studies the
manners of organization
and usage of the speech
sounds in natural
languages.

Phonology
Phonetics deals with the
smallest chunks of
language, yet it is in
connection with other
linguistic disciplines
languages.
 Teaching has often Vowels in words are
focused on practicing generally affected by
Pronunciation of phonemes eg. /p/,
/b/ ( in isolation) or in
Eg. does, was
the surrounding
consonants .
words eg. Pump & (Good morning & Good
bump Evening)
 Pennington and Richards (1986) argue that pronunciation is
important as an aspect of discourse oriented language
teaching and that three components should be addressed:

Segmental features or phoneme-based

Voice-setting features
Pronunciation
Prosodic features

Pronunciation can cause problem or difficulty in

understanding each othe
Pronunciation

 Every consonant and every vowel will be affected by its

neighboring consonants and vowels and by the
rhythmic structure in which it occurs. (Brown, 1977)

Elision
Assimilation is a process in which some
is a process in which certain sounds, or even syllables are
sounds copy the omitted and not pronounced
characteristics of another, at all, although in other
adjacent sound. situations they are normally
uttered.
Rhythm
 Rhythm is a segmental or phoneme-based
-- Prosodic—stress & intonation •

 Rhythmicality of different degrees in speeches of :

• broadcast
•fluent reading
• speeches
• monologues
• ordinary conversation
E.g.
 A friend of mine has bought a boat.
English rhythm

Unit of rhythm (foot)

Stressed syllable + unstressed syllable

Stress-time rhythm
  Stress- timed L -stress timing -syllable-timing e.g : the
word “extraordinary”, “mother”, etc.

 Word stress- the choice of the speaker to make certain

words salient by giving prominence to syllables

Word stress  Prominence- Syllables that stand out of in the flow of

talk, because
and
the speaker has uttered them with relatively greater
prominence intensity, or duration,
or pitch variation compared with surrounding syllables

Sentence stress is also called ‘tonic’.

 Interactive choice is important.

When we consider prominence in

discourse, we are considering the
Stress and extent to which speakers & listeners’
prominence worlds converge.
e.g: ( I can take you right to the door if
you wish)
 Intonation is essential to interprete meaning

e.g: sarcasm, surprise, querry, teasing etc.

Can’t really be taught but the more you are exposed to it, the
more conversant you are about the right intonation for specific
intention.
Intonational According to linguists, intonation is related to information
structure of utterances.
Units
Halliday believes that speakers decide how to segment
information.

E.g. WHERE'S that FRIEND of yours

Tone
 The prominent syllables in an utterance are the carriers of any significant
variation in pitch that the speaker might use.
 At recognizable points in the utterance, the pitch level may rise, fall, or be
carefully kept level.
Types of tones
 1. Fall

 2. Rise-fall

 3. Fall-rise

 4. Rise

 5. Level

E.g. Are there MANY good REcords shops in town?

 —some intonations express surprise,
detachment, etc.

Stress and intonation deal with attitudes,

Attitudinal moods and emotions.
Approaches
Attitude and emotions are complex
combination of vocal cues, intonation,
lexis, context and non verbal behavior.
Key

 The relative level of pitch can move and are

interchangeable.
 The jump from high to low key is important cues in
management.
 (high key initiation)
 (low key ending)

 E.g. IS that COUsin of yours still here?

SISter NOT my
She´s my COUsin¡
Pitch across speakers
 Concerning how pitch-level choices operate across
speaker turns
 Matching or concord in pitch between speakers is a
phenomenon under the heading of termination.
 Levels of choice of speakers.
 Importance of speakers’ choice.
 Changing role of participants in conversations
 TURkey?
 E.g. A: HAVE you ever been in
 B: NOT NEver
 A: It´s a GREAT COUntry REAlly
 Esen, S. (2016). Stress and Intonation in English—
Contrastive Stress. Taken from:
https://owlcation.com/academia/Stress-And-
Intonation-In-English-Contrastive-Stress

McCarthy, M. 1991. Discourse Analysis for Language

Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

References

Wiśniewski. K. (2007). Phonology. Taken from:

http://www.anglozof.com/linguistics/phonology.htm