A Seminar on

By
ARUNKUMAR S.R.
(1DA04CV005)

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Contents:

Introduction.
Recycled Aggregate (RA).
Need for the use of RA in concrete.
Sources of RA.
Production of RA.
Comparison of Recycled Aggregate and Natural
Aggregate
Effect of RA on concrete.
Applications of RA.
Examples of Application.
Merits and demerits of RA.
Conclusion. 2
Introduction:

In urban areas, the demolition of old structures is on the rise.

Asia alone produces about 760 million tones of construction

waste every year.

According to Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), solid
waste generation in India is 48 million tonnes per annum.
Construction industry alone produces 12 to 14.7 million

tonnes.
In these waste, the quantity of concrete is about 2.4 to 3.7

million tonnes.

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Recycled Aggregates (RA):

Recycled aggregates are the aggregates

produced from the processing of previously used
construction materials such as concrete or
masonry.

Recycled aggregates consists of hard,

graduated fragments of inert materials, including
sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, rock dust etc.

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Need for the use of RA in concrete:

Rapid growth in population and urbanization.

Non availability of good quality aggregates within

reasonable distances.
High cost of good quality crushed aggregates.
Increase in the quantity of waste materials and the
shortage of dumping sites.
Increase in transport and disposal costs.
High dumping cost for demolished waste.

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Sources of RA:
Construction and demolished waste
- Natural disasters
- Replacement of old buildings.
- War inflicted damage
Tested specimens from laboratory.

Concrete from ready mix concrete plants and

precasting units.
Worn out rail ballast.
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 Plastics Metal
Wood
5% 5%
10%
Various Ceramics
Metal
10% 30%

Ceramics

Concrete

Various

Concrete Wood
40%
Plastics
Basic composition of demolition waste(approx)
Production of RA:
Demolition of concrete structures should be done carefully
to recover concrete.
Removal of foreign matters by using water jets, horizontal

and inclined vibrating screens.

Self cleaning magnets are positioned in various locations
over conveyer belt.
Impact crusher, Jaw crushers for crushing concrete.
Crushed concrete is sieved and collected as CA & FA.

This is the general method of obtaining recycled aggregates.

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Methods of producing High-Quality RA:
Improved mechanical grinding method

Air-heating and grinding method

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Improved mechanical grinding method:

Concrete rubble is crushed to 50mm or less in size.

Separated into groups of 8mm-50mm and 8mm or less.
Concrete of 8mm-50mm is then ground by the wet
process, and that of 4.75mm or more is recovered as coarse
aggregate.
Concrete rubble of 8mm or less is ground by the wet
process, and recovered as a fine aggregate.
The process is repeated until the target quality is
achieved.
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Improved mechanical grinding method (contd):

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Air-heating and grinding method:

Concrete rubble is crushed to 50mm or less.

Heated to about 300oC with hot air.
Ground by a primary apparatus using steel balls.
Then, ground by a secondary apparatus without steel
balls.
The processed product is separated into CA and FA.

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Air-heating and grinding method (contd):

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 Comparison of Recycled Aggregate and
Natural Aggregate:

Recycled Aggregate Natural Aggregate

Rough textured, angular particles. Smooth and compact aggregate.
The quality depends on contamination The quality depends on the physical
of debris sources. and chemical properties of sources.

The density is lower. The density is greater.

Low Workability Workability is slightly higher.
Water absorption of recycled Water absorption of natural
aggregates is 2 to 5 times that of aggregates is less.
natural aggregates.
Low strength. Strength is comparatively high

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 Comparison of Recycled Aggregate and
Natural Aggregate (Contd):
Recycled Aggregate
Derived from construction and
demolished waste.
The locations of recycling plants depends
on where the structures are demolished.
The recycling process can be done at
construction site.
Recycled aggregate have limited product
mixes, they are marketed locally in urban
areas and the limited product may
restrain the market.
Natural Aggregate
Derived from a variety of rock sources.
The processing plant for natural
aggregate depends on the resource.
Process usually occurs at the mining site
and outside the city.
The market for natural aggregates are
suitable for multiple product, they are
marketed locally or regionally, in urban
areas and higher product have larger
marketing area.
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PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED AGGREGATES

Material properties of aggregates:

SL Properties Conventional Recycled
NO aggregates aggregates

1 Specific gravity 2.70 2.45

2 Impact value % 21.77 34.03
3 Devil’s abrasion % 5.3 10.4
4 Los Angeles abrasion % 23.4 42.5
5 Water absorption % 1.2 7.5

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 Effect of Recycled aggregates on concrete
(Based on test results):
Partial replacement
Percentage Compressive Tensile Flexural Water Slump Workability
replacement of Strength Strength Strength absorption
natural aggregate MPa mm (C.F)
by recycled MPa MPa %
aggregate

0%(Ref mix) 42.00 3.98 4.72 0.23 80 0.903

20% 47.70 4.20 5.28 0.35 75 0.893

40% 40.70 3.97 5.10 0.42 60 0.893
60% 39.27 3.84 4.90 0.53 10 0.892
80% 37.00 3.67 4.74 0.57 10 0.890
100% 36.30 3.43 4.50 0.67 10 0.888

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Partial replacement (contd)
60 6
Comp. Strength, MPa

Tensile strength, MPa

50 5

40 4
30 3

20 2

10 1

0 0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

% replacem ent of natural aggregates by recycled % replacem ent of natural aggregates by recycled
aggregates aggregates

Fig 3: Variation of compressive strength of concrete Fig 4: Variation of Tensile strength of concrete when
when natural aggregates are replaced by recycled Natural aggregates are replaced by Recycled
aggregates in diffrent percentages aggregates in different percentages

6 1
Flexural strength, MPa

5 0.8
Saturated Water
absorption, %
4
0.6
3
0.4
2
0.2
1

0 0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

% replacem ent of natural aggregates by recycled % replacem ent of natural aggregates by recycled
aggregates aggregates

Fig 5: Variation of Flexural strength of concrete Fig 6: Variation of Saturated Water absorption when
when Natural aggregates are replaced by Recycled Natural aggregates are replaced by Recycled
aggregates in different percentages aggregates in different percentages 20
 Full replacement
Conventional Concrete Recycled Concrete
Compressive Compressive
W/C Strength Strength
Mix (N/mm²) Cylinder Flexural (N/mm²) Cylinder Flexural
Ratio Workability Workability
Strength Strength Strength Strength
(C.F) (C.F)
(N/mm²) (N/mm²) (N/mm²) (N/mm²)

0.40 0.73 36.44 25.71 3.65 0.69 31.97 23.56 2.89

1:1:2 0.45 0.78 33.22 22.90 3.02 0.71 29.65 21.12 2.51

0.50 0.84 31.89 20.41 2.91 0.76 27.41 19.47 2.23

0.40 0.79 30.45 20.11 3.24 0.72 25.41 16.15 2.51

1:1.5:3 0.45 0.85 28.39 18.61 2.86 0.79 22.96 14.91 2.11

0.50 0.89 27.11 16.54 2.64 0.82 21.33 13.12 1.97

0.40 0.80 25.41 15.59 2.93 0.77 21.36 9.89 2.20

1:2:4 0.45 0.86 23.29 12.74 2.41 0.80 19.25 8.41 1.91

0.50 0.93 21.58 10.67 2.20 0.86 17.55 8.15 1.62

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Full replacement(contd)

40 1
Comp. Strength, MPa

Workability (CF)
0.9
30 Mix 1:1:2 Mix 1:1:2
Mix 1:1.5:3 0.8 Mix 1:1.5:3
20 Mix 1:2:4 Mix 1:2:4
0.7

10 0.6
0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55

W/C ratio W/C ratio

Fig 7: Compressive Strength Vs W/C ratio of Fig 8: Workability Vs W/C ratio of Conventional
Convenional concrete and Recycled concrete concrete and Recycled concrete

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Applications of Recycled aggregate:

In general, applications without any processing include,

Many types of general bulk fills.
Bank protection and to control erosion in coastal areas.
Base or fill for drainage structures.
Road construction.
Noise barriers and embankments.

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Applications of Recycled aggregates (contd.):
After processing, recycled aggregate can be used in,
Plain/reinforced concrete.
Precast concrete products
• pressed tiles
• paving blocks
• precast lintels
• concrete blocks for masonry.
In paved roads as,
• aggregate base
• aggregate sub base
• sidewalks
• bridge foundations.
Back fill material for pipe drains and filler material
behind earth retaining structure.
As base for building foundations.
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Examples of Application:
Location :Osaka , Japan.
Number of floors :1 floor below and 14 floors
above ground.
Total floor space :24,850m2.
Construction schedule :April 1998 to February 2000.

30 m3 of concrete was laid, with the

weight of recycled aggregates being
30 tons.

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Location : Sorumsand, outside the city of Oslo, Norway

This is a high school building, 35% of coarse aggregate were

replaced by recycled concrete aggregate.

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Merits of Recycled aggregates:
The unique properties of recycled aggregates provides,
Superior compaction and constructability.
Lighter weight per unit volume.
Reduces environmental impacts.
Reduces the amount of waste used for land filling.
 Saves Energy.
Reduction in material cost, transportation cost and overall
cost of the project.

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Demerits of Recycled aggregates:

Low Strength.
High drying shrinkage.
Low durability.
Lack of specifications and standards.
Variations in quality.
Inefficient supply system.

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Conclusion:

Now a day’s most of the concrete waste is going towards land

filling, and they are dumped in low lying areas. Recycling is one
of the way to dispose such waste materials.
The recycled aggregates have some good qualities for using in

concrete. For growth of concrete industry, use of recycled

aggregates in construction is one of the best option from
economic and environmental point of view.

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Conclusion (Cont…)

Compressive strength of recycled aggregates concrete will be

70% to 80% of conventional concrete and it is lower as 8Mpa
with same water/cement ratio as conventional concrete.

Currently the major uses of crushed concrete material are in

embankment construction or general bulk fill material, granular
aggregates for base and sub base, controlled low strength
materials or lean concrete base etc.

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