Energy Lecture

5/14/2018 Sustainable energy technology 1
5/14/2018 2
Renewable energy is growing in importance and popularity
• Because of the desire and necessity to avert irreversible climate damage;
• Because of increasing oil prices
• Because of the unreliability of non –renewable resources
(e.g the depletion of oil wells)
• In view of all this and other factors, governments worldwide support renewables
with various incentives
5/14/2018 3
The main types of renewable energy
• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Hydropower (water power)
• Biofuels
• Geothermal energy
There are many sources of renewable energy, but all of them, except geothermal
energy, are more or less directly related to the sun: the main source of clean and
sustainable energy for the earth.
5/14/2018 4
Solar energy
• Solar Energy is the radiant energy which is transmitted to the earth through
space by electromagnetic radiation in quanta of energy called photons, which
interact with the earth's atmosphere and surface.
• Solar cells really called photovoltaic or photoelectric cells convert light directly in
to electricity.
• Solar energy can be converted directly into electrical energy by photovoltaic (PV)
cells (often referred as solar cells). Sunlight falling on a solar cell – a transparent
silicon wafer thinner than a sheet of paper - releases a flow of electrons when they
strike5/14/2018
silicon atoms, creating an electrical current. 5
Cont’d
Solar cells are semiconductor devices that produce electricity from sunlight via
the photovoltaic effect.
Sunlight strikes the cell, photons with energy above the semiconductor bandgap
impart enough energy to create electron-hole pairs.
A junction between dissimilarly doped semiconductor layers sets up a potential

barrier in the cell, which separates the light-generated charge carriers.
This separation induces a fixed electric current and voltage in the device. The
electricity is collected and transported by metallic contacts on the top and bottom
surfaces of the cell.
5/14/2018 6
How PV cell work
A typical silicon PV cell is composed of a thin wafer consisting of an ultra-thin

layer of phosphorus-doped (N-type) silicon on top of a thicker layer of boron-
doped (P-type) silicon.
An electrical field is created near the top surface of the cell where these two
materials are in contact, called the P-N junction.
When sunlight strikes the surface of a PV cell, this electrical field provides
momentum and direction to light-stimulated electrons, resulting in a flow of
current when the solar cell is connected to an electrical load
5/14/2018 7
Advantages Disadvantages
• Reduce air pollution (99% less than coal) • Making solar cells produces toxic
chemicals
• Greatly reduce 𝐶𝑂2 emission
• Take large amounts of land because of
• Reduce dependence on imported oil
diffuse nature of sun light
• Solar energy is free- it needs no fuel and
• Need buck up system
produces no waste or pollution
• It is costly
• In sunny countries, solar power can be
• doesn’t work at night
used where there is no easy way to get
• Can be unreliable unless you are in a
electricity to a remote place.
5/14/2018
sunny climate 8
5/14/2018 9
Wind energy
• Wind energy, the kinetic energy of moving air masses, is another resource that
can be utilized to produce electricity.
• Wind farms on land can be built in a short period of time and can be expanded as
needed
• Almost all wind turbines producing electricity consist of rotor blades that rotate
around a horizontal hub. The hub is connected to a gearbox and generator, which
are located inside the nacelle.
5/14/2018 10
Cont’d
• The nacelle houses the electrical components and is mounted at the top of a tower
that is approximately the same height of the rotor diameter.
• All wind turbines start operating at a wind speed of 4-5 meters per second and
reach maximum power at about 15m/s.
• Turbines can range in capacity from several kilowatts to several Megawatts. The
crucial parameter is the diameter of the turbine - the longer the blades, the larger
the areas swept by the rotor and the greater the energy output.
5/14/2018 11
5/14/2018 12
Advantage Disadvantage
• Moderate to high net energy • Steady winds needed

• High efficiency • The wind is not always predictable
• Moderate capital cost some days have no winds
• Very low environmental impact • Back up systems needed when winds
are low
• No CO2 emission
• High land use for wind farm
• Quick construction
• Noise when located near populated
• Easily expanded areas
• Land below turbine can be used for
crop growing
5/14/2018 13
Hydropower
• Building a dam across a river to create a reservoir and allowing some of the water
stored in the reservoir to flow through pipes at controlled rates to spin turbines
and produce electricity summarized the process required to generate hydropower.
Depending on the size of the river, natural height difference, and dam structure the
scale of the power generation changes.
5/14/2018 14
• Moderate to high net energy

• High construction cost
• High efficiency (80%)
• Long life span • High environmental impact
• No CO2 emission during operation
• Floods natural areas
• Provide water for year-round
irrigation of crop land • Danger of collapse
• Reservoir is useful for fishing
• Uproots people
5/14/2018 15
Biomass
• Biomass energy, is solar energy stored as organic matter in plants. It can be

utilized by burning them directly as solid fuel or converting them into gaseous or
liquid biofuels. Biomass represents the dominant fuel source in non-commercial
energy supply and the burning of wood and manure to heat buildings and cook
food supplies about 13% of the world’s energy and about 35% of the energy used in
developing countries.
5/14/2018 16
Cont’d
• Biomass can be considered as a renewable resource as long as the trees and plants
are not harvested faster then they grow back. No net increase in atmospheric CO2
takes place as long as the rate of removal and burning of trees and plants do not
exceed the rate of replenishment.
• Various forms of solid biomass can be converted by bacteria and various chemical
processes into gaseous and liquid biofuels such as biogas, ethanol, and methanol.
Liquid methanol and ethanol will become more competitive with gasoline and
diesel fuel as fossil fuel prices increase, and technologies for bio-fuel production
mature.
5/14/2018 17
• Non-renewable if harvested
• No net CO2 increase if harvested and
unsustainably
burned sustainably
• Moderate to high environmental
• Plantation can help restore degraded impact
lands
• CO2 emissions if harvested and
• Can make use of agricultural and burned unsustainably
urban wastes • Soil erosion, water pollution, and loss
5/14/2018 of wild life habitat 18
Geothermal Energy
• Geothermal energy is the heat contained in underground rocks and fluids and is
another important source of energy. Dry- and wet-steam and hot water produced
by the geothermal energy from earth’s mantle are currently being used to heat space
and water, for industrial purposes and in some cases to produce electricity.
5/14/2018 19
Cont’d
• Geothermal resources can be depleted if heat is removed faster than it is renewed

by natural geothermal processes. Thus, the geothermal resources are renewable
on a human time scale only when used in sustainable manner. However, the
potential supply is so vast that it is usually classified as a potentially renewable
resource. Easily accessible concentrations of such resources, however, are fairly
scarce.
5/14/2018 20
• Very high efficiency • Scarcity of suitable sites

• Moderate net energy at accessible
sites • Depleted if used too rapidly
• Lower CO2 emission than fossil fuels
• Moderate to high local air pollution
• Low cost at favorable sites
• Low land use • Noise and odor (H2S)
• Low land disturbance • Cost too high except at the most
• Moderate environmental impact
5/14/2018
concentrated and accessible sources
21
Titles
1. Biodiversity conservation and sustainable development
2. Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection
3. Renewable energy in the context of sustainable development
4. Renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation
5. Challenges of sustainable development
6. Contribution of renewable energy sources to sustainable development
7. Sustainable development and non-renewable resources
8. Energy and climate change
9. Climate change, energy and sustainable development

5/14/2018 22
10. Opportunities and challenges in using renewable resources
11. Sustainable resource use and sustainable development
12. Role of renewable energies to sustainable development
13. Conservation of non-renewable and renewable resources
14. Comparison between renewable and non-renewable energy sources
15. Strategy for sustainable use of natural renewable resources
16. Role of natural resources in sustainable development
17. Energy and sustainable development
18. Energy resources and their effects on environment

5/14/2018 23
19. The energy and environment relationship
20. Energy, climate change and the environment
21. Relationship between environment and sustainable development
22. Relationship between energy consumption and economic growth
23. Energy, economy, environment interaction
24. The role of energy in the economic growth and development
25. Importance of energy resources in development of a country
26. Environment and natural resource management

5/14/2018 24
Contents
I. Introduction
1.1 Why energy is a concern?
1.2 Basic facts and concepts on Energy
1.3 Sustainable development
II. Energy resources
2.1 Non-renewable Energy Resources
2.2 Renewable Energy Resources
III. Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Technologies
IV. Sustainability
4.15/14/2018
Pillars of sustainability Sustainable energy technology 26
Introduction
Sustainable development or sustainability
Simply sustainability is the capacity to endure or continue
Sustainability has to do with preserving or maintaining resources
We often associate sustainability with things like recycling, using

renewable energy sources like solar and wind power, and
preserving natural spaces like rainforests.

Cont’d
Sustainability can be broadly defined as the ability of something to maintain

itself.
Biological systems such as wetlands or forests are good examples of

sustainability, since they remain diverse and productive over long periods of
time.
Sustainability has to do with preserving resources and energy over the long
term5/14/2018
rather than exhausting them quickly to meet short term needs or goals.
Sustainable energy technology 28
Cont’d
• Sustainability seeks new ways of addressing the relationship

between societal growth and environmental degradation, which
would allow human societies and economies to grow without
destroying or over-exploiting the environment or the ecosystems in
which those societies exist.

cont’d
The most widely quoted definition of sustainability comes from the Brutland
Commission of the UN in 1987, which defined sustainability as meeting “the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs”.
• Balancing environment, economy, and society’s needs
• Sustainability Clarified: Satisfying lives for all within the means of nature—now
and in the future.
• Something
5/14/2018 is 'sustainable' if it has theenergy
Sustainable capacity
technology to continue 30
Cont’d
• As a quick example of sustainability, think about recycling.
• In recent years a billion dollar recycling industry has emerged

creating jobs and profits for the workers and businesses employed
in that enterprise, while at the same time using limited resources
more thoughtfully and reducing the impact on the environment.

Cont’d
• The process has become cyclic rather than linear, resulting in

continued use of materials.
• But sustainability is about more than just the economic benefits of

recycling materials and resources, while the economic factors are
important, sustainability also account for the social and
environmental consequences of human activity.

Cont’d
• This concept is referred to as the “three pillars of sustainability”,

which asserts that true sustainability depends up on three
interlocking factors; environmental preservation, social equity and
economic viability
• First, sustainable human activities must protect the earth’s

environment.

Cont’d
• Second, people and communities must be treated fairly and

equally-particularly in regard to eradicating global poverty and the
environmental exploitation of poor countries and communities.
• And third, sustainability must be economically feasible.
• Only when all three of these pillars are incorporated can an activity
or enterprise be described as sustainable.

General Sustainability Principles
minimize resource consumption, use of non-renewables, pollution, toxics,

waste
maximize efficiency, reuse, recycling, renewable resource use
foster conservation, understanding of natural systems functions, economic

justice
focus on quality v. quantity, needs v. wants
redesign the economy and artifacts to mimic natural systems

What is Energy?
• “The ability to do work”
• Causes changes
• Two forms

Potential Energy
• Gravitational Energy
The energy an object or
substance has because
of its position; anything
“up high”

Potential Energy
• Stored Mechanical Energy
Energy stored in an
object by the application
of force Must push or
pull on an object

Potential Energy
• Nuclear Energy
Energy stored in the nucleus
of the atom Holds the nucleus
Together.

Potential Energy
Chemical Energy
Energy stored in the bonds between
Atoms Holds molecules together

Kinetic Energy
Mechanical Energy
(Motion)
Movement of objects or substances
from one place to another.

Kinetic Energy
Electrical Energy
Movement of electrons
in one direction

Kinetic Energy
Thermal Energy
(Heat)
Internal energy of a substance
due to the vibration of atoms
and molecules making up the
Substance.
Why energy is a concern?
• Why is energy given so much attention?

• Energy related to growth and poverty
• Energy relates to population
• Energy relates to urbanization
• Energy relates to lifestyles
• Energy relates to health
• Energy relates to security
• Energy
5/14/2018 relates to environment Sustainable energy technology 44
Why energy … (2)
Some facts
• Energy is directly linked with the key global challenges
• poverty alleviation
• climate change
• environmental and food security
• Current energy systems don’t meet the needs of the world’s poor
• 2.6 b. people rely on biomass for cooking

• 1.6 b. people do not have access to electricity

Why energy … (3)
• Huge amount of money is required

• Global energy-related carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) will increase unless:
• major policy reforms
• New technologies are introduced
• Major increase will come from developing countries even if the per-capita
emission remains low

Why energy … (4)

Basic facts and concepts on Energy
Energy systems
energy and energy quality
Fuel and Energy
Primary and secondary energy commodities
Fossil fuel and renewable energy
Forms of energy
Basic facts and concepts on Energy (1)

Basic facts and concepts on Energy (2)
• Change in GDP, population, primary energy use, and electricity use in
developing countries

Primary Energy
Is an energy form found in nature that has not been subjected to any human
engineered conversion or transformation process.
• It is an energy contained in raw fuels and other forms of energy received as

input to a system.
• In energetics, a primary energy source (PES) refers to the energy forms

required by the energy sector to generate the supply of energy carriers used
by human
5/14/2018
society. Sustainable energy technology 51
Cont’d
Primary energy sources are transformed by the energy sector to generate

energy carriers
Primary energy sources are transformed in energy conversion process to

more convenient forms of energy (that can directly be used by the society),
such as electricity energy, refined fuels etc…
Energy carriers are energy forms which have been transformed from primary
energy sources. Electricity is one of the most common energy carriers being
transformed from various primary energy sources such as coal, oil, natural gas
and 5/14/2018
wind. Sustainable energy technology 52
Primary Energy Sources
Non-Renewable Sources
• Fossil Fuels
 Oil (Crude Oil)
 Coal or natural gas
• Mineral fuels
 Natural Uranium
Basic concepts … (3)
• What is energy and energy quality?

• Energy is the capacity to do work and also to produce heat.
• Energy quality is the measure of an energy source’s ability to do useful
work. High-quality energy is organized or concentrated and can perform
much useful work. (Examples: electricity, coal, gasoline, concentrated
sunlight).
• Low-quality energy, on the other hand, is disorganized or dispersed and
has little ability to do useful
5/14/2018 work
Sustainable energy technology 54
• What is the difference between fuel and energy?

• Fuel: any substance burned as a source of heat or power
• The term energy refers only to heat or power, which are obtained from
burning of fuel

• What are primary and secondary energy commodities?

• Primary
• are either extracted or captured directly from natural resources
• crude oil, hard coal, natural gas can be examples
• Primary electricity is obtained from natural sources such as hydro, wind,
solar, tide and wave power

Basic Concepts……(6)
• Secondary: All energy commodities which are not primary but produced
from primary commodities. Secondary energy comes from the
transformation of primary or secondary energy.
• The generation of electricity by burning fuel oil is an example

• What are Fossil fuel and renewable energy forms?

• Fossil fuel energy
• Fossil fuels are taken from natural resources which were formed from
biomass in the geological past. By extension, the term fossil is also
applied to any secondary fuel manufactured from a fossil fuel
• Renewable energy commodities: are drawn directly or indirectly from
current or recent flows of the constantly available solar and gravitational
energy.
Sources of Energy
There are two Main Sources of Energy
I. Renewable, and
II. Non-Renewable

Renewable Energy
• Renewable energy: is energy which is generated from natural sources. i.e sun,
wind, rain, tides and can be generated again and again as and when required.
• They are available in plenty and by far most the cleanest sources of energy
available on this planet.

Cont’d
• Energy generated by using wind, solar, tides, geothermal heat and biomass
including farm and animal waste is known as non-conventional energy. All these
sources are renewable or inexhaustible and do not cause environmental pollution.
Moreover they do not require heavy expenditure.

Non-Renewable Energy
Non-renewable energy: is energy which is taken from the sources that are
available on the earth in limited quantity and will vanish 50-60 years from now.
Non-renewable sources are not environmental friendly and can have serious
effect on our health.
• They are called non-renewable because they can not be regenerated within a short
span of time. Non-renewable sources exist in the form of fossil fuels, natural gas,
oil and coal.
Cont’d

Merits of Renewable over Non-renewable
• The sun, wind, geothermal, ocean energy are available in the abundant quantity
and free to use
• Renewable resources are replaced through natural processes at a rate that is equal
to or greater than the rate at which they are used, and depletion is usually not a
worry.
• The non-renewable sources of energy that we are using are limited and are bound
to expire one day
Cont’d
• Non-renewable resources are exhaustible and are extracted faster than the rate at
which they formed
• Renewable sources have low carbon emissions, therefore they are considered as
green and environment friendly.

How can we decide which energy resources to use?
 Availability (near future and long term)
 Source’s net energy yield
 Effect on the environment, human health and the earth’s climate

Share of energy resources in developed and developing countries

Energy Res.……(Ethiopia)

Non-Renewable Energy
Non-Renewable Energy Resources-Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and nuclear
fuels.

Process of Energy Use

Electricity Generation

Electricity Generation
 The burning fuel from coal transfers energy to water, which becomes steam.
 The kinetic energy contained within the steam is transferred to the blades of a
turbine, a large device that resembles a fan.
 As the energy in the steam turns the turbine, the shaft in the center of the
turbine turns the generator
 This mechanical motion generates energy

Fossil Fuel Energy
 Coal, petroleum and natural gas are called fossil fuel as these are formed by
the decomposition of the remains of dead plants and animals buried under
the earth for a long time.
 These are non-renewable source of energy, which, if exhausted can not be

replenished in a short time.

Cont’d
 Their reserves are limited and are considered very precious. These should be
used with care and caution to let them last long. These are also contributing
to the global environmental pollution.

Coal
 Coal- a solid fuel formed primarily from the remains of trees, ferns and other
plant materials that were preserved 280-380 million years ago.
 found buried deeply in the ground or under the seabed, or close to the
surface

Cont’d
 Four types of coal ranked from lesser to greater age, exposure to pressure, and
energy content.
 These four types are: lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous and anthracite.

Cont’d
 Its characteristics vary widely according to its biological origin (forests, low
growing vegetation, swamps, animals) and geological history (age, overburden,
temperature, pressure).

Cont’d
 Thus, the chemical and physical characteristics of coal are also highly
variable, such as the content of moisture, minerals (ash), sulfur, nitrogen,
and oxygen; heat value, porosity, hardness, etc
 Because of the widely varying characteristics of coals, difficult to estimate

the precise energy reserves residing in the world’s coal deposits.

Cont’d
 The world total coal reserves are estimated at 1.037E(12) metric tons.
 About one-half is bituminous and anthracite coal, whereas the other half
is sub-bituminous and lignite coal.
 Found practically on every continent and subcontinent

Coal

The countries where the world’s major coal reserves (%) are found

 Energy dense  Contains impurities

 Plentiful  Release impurities in to air when
burned
 Easy to exploit by surface mining
 Trace metals like mercury, lead and
 Technological demands are small
arsenic are found in coal
 Economic coasts are low  Combustion leads to increased levels
 Easy to handle and transport of SO2 and other air pollutants in to
 Needs little refining the atmosphere.
 Ash is left behind
 Carbon is released in to the
atmosphere which contributes to
climate change
Petroleum (Crude Oil)
 Petroleum- a mixture of hydrocarbons, water and sulfur that occurs in

underground deposits.
 Oil and Gasoline make this ideal for mobile combustion, such as vehicle.
 Formed from the remains of ocean – dwelling phytoplankton that died 50-150
million years ago.
 Countries with the most petroleum are Saudi Arabia, Russia, US, Iran, China,
Canada and Mexico.
Cont’d
 Differs in quality and composition, depending on the biological origin and

geological history
 found in geological reservoirs under the ground or under the seabed at depths up
to several thousand meters.
 the world’s reserve is estimated as 1.6 E(12) barrels (1 barrel= 159 litres)

The distribution among major reserves seems the following

Petroleum

 Convenient to transport and use  Releases carbon dioxide in to the

 Relatively energy dense atmosphere
 Cleaner burning than coal  Possibility of leaks when
Extracted and transported

Natural Gas
 Natural gas- exists as a component of petroleum in the ground as well as in

gaseous deposits separate from petroleum
 Contains 80-95 percent methane and 5 to 20 percent ethane, propane and

butane
 The combustible part of natural gas (NG) consists mainly of methane (CH4)
with some admixture of heavier hydrocarbons (ethane, propane, and butane).

Cont’d
 Frequently noncombustible gases are also found mixed with natural gas,
namely, 𝑁2 and 𝐶𝑂2 .
 On the average, natural gas contains 74.4% by weight of carbon, 24.8%

hydrogen, 0.6% nitrogen, and 0.2% oxygen.

Natural gas is a very desirable fuel for several reasons
 It is easy to combust because, being a gas, it readily mixes with air. Thus, the
combustion is rapidly completed, and the boiler or furnace volume is smaller
than that required for oil or coal combustion.
 The combusted gas can directly drive a gas turbine with applications in power
generation.

Cont’d
 gas combustion does not produce particulate and sulfurous pollutants.
 natural gas produces one-half the amount of CO2 per unit heating value as
does coal, and it produces three-quarters as much as oil.
 the world’s natural gas reserves is estimated as 6.75 E(15) cubic feet.

The major reserves are found as follows (in %)

 Ample supply
 When unburned
 High net energy yield
methane escapes in to the
 Less air pollution than other fossil fuels and lower
atmosphere
carbon dioxide
 Moderate environmental impact  Exploration of natural
 Contain fewer impurities and therefore emits gas has the potential of
almost no sulfur dioxide or particulates contaminating
 Easily transported by pipeline groundwater

Nuclear Energy
 Fission- a nuclear reaction in which
a neutron strikes a relatively large
atomic nucleus, which then splits
in to two or more parts.

Nuclear energy
 According to modern theories of atomic structure, matter consists of minute

particles known as atoms. Heavier unstable atoms such as U235, liberate large
amount of heat energy. The energy released by the complete fission of one Kg of
Uranium (U235), is equal to the heat energy obtained by burning 4500 tonnes of
coal or 220 tons of oil.

 No air pollution is produced  Possibility of accidents
 Countries can limit their need for  Disposal of the radioactive waste
imported oil

What waste do fossil fuels produce?
 Burning fossil fuels creates waste products that can act as pollutants and have
harmful environmental effects.
 Carbon dioxide- this greenhouse gas is the main waste product of burning
fossil fuels. Increased levels of carbon dioxide due to human activities are
thought to be connected with global warming.
 Sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide- these gaseous pollutants contribute to the
formation of smog and acid rain.
 This waste solid is disposed of in landfill sites.

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5/14/2018 Sustainable energy technology 1

• Because of the desire and necessity to avert irreversible climate damage;

• Because of increasing oil prices

• Because of the unreliability of non –renewable resources

(e.g the depletion of oil wells)

• Hydropower (water power)

A junction between dissimilarly doped semiconductor layers sets up a potential

A typical silicon PV cell is composed of a thin wafer consisting of an ultra-thin

• Moderate to high net energy • Steady winds needed

• Moderate to high net energy

• Biomass energy, is solar energy stored as organic matter in plants. It can be

• Geothermal resources can be depleted if heat is removed faster than it is renewed

• Very high efficiency • Scarcity of suitable sites

2. Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection

3. Renewable energy in the context of sustainable development

4. Renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation

5. Challenges of sustainable development

6. Contribution of renewable energy sources to sustainable development

7. Sustainable development and non-renewable resources

8. Energy and climate change

9. Climate change, energy and sustainable development

12. Role of renewable energies to sustainable development

13. Conservation of non-renewable and renewable resources

14. Comparison between renewable and non-renewable energy sources

15. Strategy for sustainable use of natural renewable resources

16. Role of natural resources in sustainable development

17. Energy and sustainable development

18. Energy resources and their effects on environment

20. Energy, climate change and the environment

21. Relationship between environment and sustainable development

22. Relationship between energy consumption and economic growth

23. Energy, economy, environment interaction

24. The role of energy in the economic growth and development

25. Importance of energy resources in development of a country

26. Environment and natural resource management

Simply sustainability is the capacity to endure or continue

Sustainability has to do with preserving or maintaining resources

We often associate sustainability with things like recycling, using

5/14/2018 Sustainable energy technology 27

Sustainability can be broadly defined as the ability of something to maintain

Biological systems such as wetlands or forests are good examples of

• Sustainability seeks new ways of addressing the relationship

5/14/2018 Sustainable energy technology 29

• Balancing environment, economy, and society’s needs

• As a quick example of sustainability, think about recycling.

• In recent years a billion dollar recycling industry has emerged

5/14/2018 Sustainable energy technology 31

• The process has become cyclic rather than linear, resulting in

• But sustainability is about more than just the economic benefits of

5/14/2018 Sustainable energy technology 32

• This concept is referred to as the “three pillars of sustainability”,

• First, sustainable human activities must protect the earth’s

5/14/2018 Sustainable energy technology 33

• Second, people and communities must be treated fairly and

• And third, sustainability must be economically feasible.

5/14/2018 Sustainable energy technology 34

minimize resource consumption, use of non-renewables, pollution, toxics,

maximize efficiency, reuse, recycling, renewable resource use

foster conservation, understanding of natural systems functions, economic

focus on quality v. quantity, needs v. wants

redesign the economy and artifacts to mimic natural systems

• “The ability to do work”

5/14/2018 Sustainable energy technology 36