ANGLE MODULATION

1
 Introduction
A continuous wave has three parameters: amplitude,
frequency and initial phase; hence the corresponding
modulation is amplitude modulation (AM), frequency
modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM). FM and
PM are also known as angle modulation.
• There are three parameters of a carrier that may
carry information:
– Amplitude
– Frequency
– Phase
• Frequency and Phase modulation are closely related
and grouped together as phase modulation 2
 Introduction

• Angle modulation is the process by which the

angle (frequency or phase) of the carrier
signal is changed in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of modulating or
message signal.

3
 Cont’d…
• classified into two types such as
– Frequency modulation (FM)
– Phase modulation (PM)
• Used for :
–Commercial radio broadcasting
–Television sound transmission
–Two way mobile radio
–Cellular radio
–Microwave and satellite communication
system 4
 Advantages
Advantages over AM:
Freedom from interference: all natural and
external noise consist of amplitude variations, thus
receiver usually cannot distinguish between
amplitude of noise or desired signal. AM is noisy
than FM.
Operate in very high frequency band (VHF):
88MHz-108MHz
Can transmit musical programs with higher degree
of fidelity.

5
 FREQUENCY MODULATION PRINCIPLES

• In FM the carrier amplitude remains constant,

the carrier frequency varies with the
amplitude of modulating signal.
• The amount of change in carrier frequency
produced by the modulating signal is known
as frequency deviation.

6
 Carrier Modulating signal

Resting fc
FM

Increasing fc

Decreasing fc

Increasing fc

Resting fc
7
 Frequency Modulation
In Frequency Modulation (FM) the instantaneous value of
the information signal controls the frequency of the
carrier wave. This is illustrated in the following diagrams.

Information Signal

Un-modulated carrier

Modulated carrier

8
Frequency Modulation (FM)

9
FM Transmitter

10
Notice that as the amplitude of the information signal increases above
0 volts, the frequency of the carrier increases, and as the amplitude of
the information signal decreases below 0 volts, the frequency of the
carrier decreases.

The frequency fi of the information signal controls the rate at which

the carrier frequency increases and decreases. As with AM, fi must be
less than fc. The amplitude of the carrier remains constant throughout
this process.

When the information voltage reaches its maximum value then the
change in frequency of the carrier will have also reached its maximum
deviation above the nominal value. Similarly when the information
reaches a minimum the carrier will be at its lowest frequency below the
nominal carrier frequency value. When the information signal is zero,
then no deviation of the carrier will occur.

11
The maximum change in frequency that can occur to the
carrier from its base value fc is called the frequency
deviation, and is given the symbol fc. This sets the
dynamic range (i.e. voltage range) of the transmission.

The dynamic range is the ratio of the largest and smallest

analogue information signals that can be transmitted.

12
13
14
 Frequency Deviation
• The frequency deviation of the carrier from its nominal
frequency at any instant is directly proportional to the level
of the modulating signal at that instant. There is no inherent
limit to the maximum amount of frequency deviation.
(Remember with AM there is a limit to the amount of
amplitude deviation, which occurs when the modulation
index k = 1.) However a transmitting station will have a
frequency band which it has been allocated and it must
ensure that the frequency deviation never goes outside of
this band.
• The maximum allowed frequency deviation is also called the
rated system deviation .
• A symbol for frequency deviation is F.
• Remember that at different times the frequency deviation
can be positive or negative. The frequency swing is defined
as the difference between the maximum and the minimum
frequencies output = 2 * F.
15
 Frequency Modulation
For illustration purposes assume m(t) is sinusoidal:

F = peak frequency deviation

16
 Frequency Modulation

Note
Constant
FM Signal fc + F
Envelope!!
fc
fc - F
s (t )
Non-linear Class C or D
power amplifiers with
high DC to RF efficiency
can be used for FM since
amplitude of RF signal
does not contain any
information

17
 Frequency Modulation
•Frequency deviation (Δfc) is the amount of change
in carrier frequency produced by the modulating
signal.
•The frequency deviation rate is how many times
per second the carrier frequency deviates above or
below its center frequency.
•Example: if the modulating signal is a 500 Hz sine
wave, the carrier shifts above and below the center
frequency 500 times per second.
•The frequency of the modulating signal
determines the frequency deviation rate.
18
 Frequency Modulation
Figure 5-1: FM and PM signals.
The carrier is drawn as a
triangular wave for simplicity,
but in practice it is a sine wave.
(a) Carrier. (b) Modulating
signal. (c) FM signal. (d) PM
signal.

19
Worked Example:
A 400kHz sinusoidal carrier of amplitude 5V is
frequency modulated by a 3kHz sinusoidal
information signal of amplitude 3V. The behaviour
of the carrier is governed by the frequency
deviation per volt and for this system is 25kHz
per volt. Describe how the resulting FM signal
changes with time.

20
Worked Example:
A 400kHz sinusoidal carrier of amplitude 5V is frequency
modulated by a 3kHz sinusoidal information signal of
amplitude 3V. The behaviour of the carrier is governed by
the frequency deviation per volt and for this system is
25kHz per volt. Describe how the resulting FM signal
changes with time.

Solution:
The FM carrier will change in frequency from
400kHz to 475kHz to 400kHz to 325kHz and
back to 400kHz, 3000 times per second. This
is because the frequency deviation fc = 3 x
25kHz = 75kHz. The amplitude of the carrier
will remain fixed at 5V. 21
If the same system were used and the amplitude
of the information signal decreased to 1V, how
would this affect the resulting FM signal?
Describe the changes in the space below,
including any relevant calculations.

22
If the same system were used and the amplitude
of the information signal decreased to 1V, how
would this affect the resulting FM signal?
Describe the changes in the space below,
including any relevant calculations.

Solution:
The FM carrier will change in frequency from
400kHz to 425kHz to 400kHz to 375kHz and
back to 400kHz, 3000 times per second. This
is because the frequency deviation fc = 1x
25kHz = 25kHz. The amplitude of the carrier
will remain fixed at 5V.
23
 Frequency Modulation
If fc is the unmodulated carrier frequency,
fm is the modulating frequency and fc is
the peak frequency deviation of the
carrier.
fc= fmax-fc or fc= fc-fmin
where fmax and fmin occur at the positive
and negative peaks of the information
signal respectively.
Δf c
The ratio is called the Modulation Index denoted by  i.e.
fm
Peak frequency deviation Δf c
β= 
modulating frequency fm 24
 Frequency Modulation
•Example
–A transmitter operates on a frequency of 915 MHz. The
maximum FM deviation is ± 12.5 kHz. What are the
maximum and minimum frequencies that occur during
modulation.
•Solution
–915 MHz = 915,000 kHz
–Maximum frequency = 915,000 + 12.5 = 915,012.5 kHz
–Minimum frequency = 915,000 - 12.5 = 914,987.5 kHz
25
 Percentage Modulation
percentage modulation for frequency modulation is determined
in different manner than for amplitude modulation.
For frequency modulation, percentage modulation is the ratio of
frequency deviation actually produced to the maximum
frequency deviation allowed, stated in percent form

f ( actual )
Percentage modulation  100%
f (max)

26
 Percentage Modulation
Example
For an FM wave with a frequency deviation Δfc of
12.5kHz and a maximum deviation allowed of 25kHz,
calculate the percentage modulation

f ( actual )
Percentage modulation  100%
f (max)

27
 Percentage Modulation
Example
For an FM wave with a frequency deviation Δfc of
12.5kHz and a maximum deviation allowed of 25kHz,
calculate the percentage modulation
f ( actual )  12.5kHz
f (max)  25kHz
f ( actual )
% Modulation  100%
f (max)
12.5kHz
Percentage modulation  100%  50%
25kHz 28
 Deviation Ratio (DR)
• Deviation ratio DR is the worst case modulation index and is
equal to the maximum peak frequency deviation divided by
the maximum modulating-signal frequency – producing the
widest frequency spectrum.
f c(max)
DR 
f m (max)
where DR = deviation ratio (unitless)
Δf(max) = maximum peak frequency deviation (Hertz)
fm(max) = maximum modulating-signal frequency (Hertz)

29
 Deviation Ratio (DR)
Example
For an FM system with a maximum deviation of
50kHz and a maximum modulation frequency of 5kHz.
Calculate the deviation ratio.

30
 Deviation Ratio (DR)
Example
For an FM system with a maximum deviation of
50kHz and a maximum modulation frequency of 5kHz,
calculate the deviation ratio
f c max  50kHz
f mmax  5kHz
f cmax
DR 
f mmax
50kHz
Deviation ratio   10 31
5kHz
 Deviation Ratio (DR)
The deviation ratio is also called the deviation constant and
it defines how much the carrier frequency will change for a
given input voltage level.

The units are kHz/V

Example
Given that the deviation constant is 1kHz/10mV, what is the
shift in frequency for a voltage level of 50 mV?

Frequency deviation = 1
50   5kHz
10

32
 Deviation Ratio (DR)
• Example
• a. Determine the deviation ratio for the worst-case (widest bandwidth)
modulation index for an FM broadcast-band transmitter with a maximum
frequency deviation of 75 kHz and a maximum modulating-signal frequency
of 15 kHz.

• b. For a 37.5 kHz frequency deviation and a modulating-signal frequency fm =

7.5 kHz, the modulation index is

33
 Deviation Ratio
• Example : a. Determine the deviation ratio for the worst-case (widest
bandwidth) modulation index for an FM broadcast-band transmitter with a
maximum frequency deviation of 75 kHz and a maximum modulating-signal
frequency of 15 kHz.
75kHz
DR  5
15kHz

• b. For a 37.5 kHz frequency deviation and a modulating-signal frequency fm =

7.5 kHz, the modulation index is
37.5kHz
 5
7.5kHz

34
 Commercial FM broadcast band
• The maximum permissible carrier deviation, Δfc, is ±75 kHz
• Modulating frequencies (voice or music) is ranging from 50
Hz to 15 kHz
• The modulation index can range from as low as 5 for b = 15
kHz (75 kHz/15 kHz) to as high as 1500 for b = 50 Hz (75
kHz/50 Hz).
• The ±75-kHz carrier deviation results in an FM bandwidth
requirement of 150 kHz for the receiver.
• A 25-kHz guard band above and below the upper and lower
FM sidebands.
• Total bandwidth of one channel is 200Hz.

35
 Examples
In an FM system when the audio frequency is 300 Hz
and the audio voltage is 2.0V, the deviation is 5kHz. If
the audio voltage is now increased to 6V what is the
new deviation? If the voltage is now increased to 9V
and the frequency dropped to 100Hz what is the
deviation? Find the modulation index in each case.

36
 Examples
In an FM system when the audio frequency is 300 Hz
and the audio voltage is 2.0V, the deviation is 5kHz. If
the audio voltage is now increased to 6V what is the
new deviation? If the voltage is now increased to 9V
and the frequency dropped to 100Hz what is the
deviation? Find the modulation index in each case.

f c  Vm when V  6v when V  9v
f c 5 f c  2.5  9  22.5kHz
  2.5kHz / V f c  2.5  6  15kHz
Vm 2

f c 5 f c 15 f c 22.5
   16.67    50    225
f m 0.3 f m 0.3 fm 0.1
37
 Bandwidth Analysis of FM

• Facts
– FM has side frequencies extending to infinite frequency 
theoretically infinite bandwidth
– But side frequencies become negligibly small beyond a
point  practically finite bandwidth
– FM signal bandwidth equals the required transmission
(channel) bandwidth
• Bandwidth of FM signal is approximately by
– Carson’s Rule (which gives lower-bound)

38
Bandwidth of FM

39
Bandwidth of FM

40
 FM Signal Spectrum.

The amplitudes drawn are completely arbitrary, since we have not found any value for
Jn() – this sketch is only to illustrate the spectrum.

41
 Carson’s Rule for FM Bandwidth.

An approximation for the bandwidth of an FM signal is given by

BW = 2(Maximum frequency deviation + highest modulated
frequency)

Bandwidth  2(f c  f m ) Carson’s Rule

42
 Carson’s Rule

 Nearly all power lies within a bandwidth of

– For single-tone message signal with frequency fm

BT  2f  2 f m  2(  1) f m

43
 FM Spectra.
When the amplitude of the frequency components of this
simple FM waveform are plotted as a function of frequency,
the resulting spectrum is much more complicated than that of
the simple AM waveform (i.e. one carrier and two sidebands).
This is because there are now multiple frequencies present in
the FM signal, even for the transfer of a simple sinusoidal
information signal.
The detailed analysis of an FM waveform is very complicated,
however we will try to simplify things a little so that you get
a flavour of what the key differences are.
Theoretically, an FM spectrum has an infinite number of
sidebands, spaced at multiples of fm above and below the
carrier frequency fc . However the size and significance of
these sidebands is very dependent on the modulation index, .
(As a general rule, any sidebands below 1% of the carrier can
be ignored.) 44
 Determination of Bandwidth for FM Radio

FM radio uses a modulation index,  > 1, and this is called

wideband FM. As its name suggests the bandwidth is much larger
than AM.

In national radio broadcasts using FM, the frequency deviation of the

carrier  fc , is chosen to be 75kHz, and the information baseband is
the high fidelity range 20Hz to 15kHz.

Thus the modulation index,  is 5 (i.e. 75 kHz/15 kHz), and such s

broadcast requires an FM signal bandwidth given by:

BandwidthFM Radio  2(f c  f m (max) )

 2(75  15)
 180kHz
45
If  < 1, then the spectrum looks like this:

From the spectrum above it can be seen that there are only two
significant sidebands, and thus the spectrum looks very similar to
that for an AM carrier.

46
If  = 1, then the spectrum looks like this:

From the spectrum above we can see that the number of significant
sidebands has increased to four.

47
If  = 3, then the spectrum looks like this:

From the spectrum above we can see that the number of significant
sidebands has increased to eight.

48
Spectra of an FM signal with differing levels of modulation index (m= = 0.5-4)

As the modulation index increases it is found that other sidebands at twice

the modulation frequency start to appear. As the index is increased further
other sidebands can also be seen. 49
 Modulation Index and Sidebands

FM Signal Bandwidth
–The higher the modulation index in FM, the greater the
number of significant sidebands and the wider the
bandwidth of the signal.

–When spectrum conservation is necessary, the bandwidth

of an FM signal can be restricted by putting an upper limit
on the modulation index.

50
 FM Bandwidth

• Theoretically, the generation and transmission of FM requires

infinite bandwidth. Practically, FM system have finite bandwidth
and they perform well.
• The value of modulation index determine the number of
sidebands that have the significant relative amplitudes
• If n is the number of sideband pairs, and line of frequency
spectrum are spaced by fm, thus, the bandwidth is:

B fm  2nf m
• For n≥1

51
 FM Bandwidth
• Estimation of transmission bandwidth;
• Assume β is large and n is approximate to β + 1; thus
• BW=2(β + 1)fm
f
2(  1) f m
= fm
BW  2(f  f m )
This is the Carson’s rule that has been seen earlier.

About 98% of the total power is included in the

approximation
It is simple and therefore very useful.
It is widely used rather than computational approach for
estimating signal BW 52
Bandwidth Requirement
Carson’s Rule
B  2( f  fm ) Hz
for a low modulation index ( fm is much larger than Δf ),
B  2 fm ( Hz )
for a high modulation index (Δf is much larger than fm )

B  2f ( Hz )

for modulation index above 5, Carson’s Rule is a close

approximation to the actual bandwidth required.

53
Application Bandwidth of FM

54
It can be deduced that the number of significant sidebands in an
FM transmission is given by 2( + 1).
The implication for the bandwidth of an FM signal should now be
coming clear. The practical bandwidth is going to be given by the
number of significant sidebands multiplied by the width of each
sideband (i.e. fm).

BandwidthFM  2  1 f m
 f c 
 2  1 f m
 fm 
 2f c  f m 

The bandwidth of an FM waveform is therefore twice the sum of

the frequency deviation and the maximum frequency in the
information.

55
Additional Points to remember.
· An FM transmission is a constant power wave, regardless of the
information signal or modulation index, , because it is operated at a
constant amplitude with symmetrical changes in frequency.
· As  increases, the relative amplitude of the carrier component
decreases and may become much smaller than the amplitudes of the
individual sidebands. The effect of this is that a much greater proportion
of the transmitted power is in the sidebands (rather than in the carrier),
which is more efficient than AM.

56
 Narrowband and Wideband FM
Narrowband FM NBFM

For small , (  0.3) there is only the carrier and 2 significant

sidebands, i.e. BW = 2fm.
FM with   0.3 is referred to as narrowband FM (NBFM)
(Note, the bandwidth is the same as DSBAM). In this case
almost all of the information is contained within the range of
the first upper and lower sidebands, and a total bandwidth of
2fm is adequate for transmission.
NBFM is widely used in communication. It conserves
spectrum space at the expense of the signal-to-noise ratio.
Wideband FM WBFM

For  > 0.3 there are more than 2 significant sidebands. As 

increases the number of sidebands increases. This is referred
to as wideband FM (WBFM). 57
 Further Examples of Information transmitted using F.M.
Mobile Phones:
Some mobile phone companies use FM with a very low
modulation index, i.e.  < 1. This is known as narrowband FM. Mobile
phone companies use this because it offers many of the advantages of
FM, with the minimum bandwidth requirement.
Television Sound:
In terrestrial TV broadcasts, the video information is
transmitted using AM as we saw during the previous section. This to
make the most effective use of the bandwidth available. However the
sound information is transmitted using FM, in order to reduce possible
interference between the video and sound signals. In this case, the
maximum deviation of the carrier, fc , is chosen to be 50kHz, and the
information baseband is again the high fidelity range 20Hz to 15kHz.
Therefore the bandwidth required for TV Sound is:

58
 Satellite TV.
Some satellite TV transmissions broadcast an analogue video
signal using FM. This helps to obtain an acceptable signal at the
receiving station even though the transmitter is some 36,000 km out
into space! In this case, the maximum deviation of the carrier,  fc , is
chosen to be about 10 MHz, with a video baseband of around 5MHz.
Therefore the bandwidth required for Satellite TV is:

BandwidthSatellite TV  2(f c  f i (max) )

 2(10  5)
 30MHz

Note : An increasing number of satellite broadcasting companies are

changing from analogue to digital formats. i.e. from Frequency
Modulation to Pulse Code Modulation.

59
 Exact FM Bandwidth
Carson’s rule gives an approximation of the
FM bandwidth. However, to accurately
estimate the FM bandwidth, an equation
known as Bessel identity is used. This
equation gives the relative voltage of the
carrier and each sideband in an FM signal
compared to the original unmodulated carrier
voltage.

60
 Bessel Functions
–The equation that expresses the phase angle
in terms of the sine wave modulating signal is
solved with a complex mathematical process
known as Bessel Functions (BF).
–Bessel function identities can be used to
determine the side frequencies components.
–Bessel coefficients are widely available and
it is not necessary to memorize or calculate
them.
–Bessel Functions are available in both
graphical and tabular forms as shown below. 61
Table of Bessel Coefficients for index 0 to 15.

62
63
 Graph of the Bessel Function

gure 5-9: Plot of the Bessel function data from Fig. 5-8. 64
The graph of the BF

65
 Example
• For an FM modulator with a modulation index
β=1, a modulating signal Vm(t)=Vm sin(2π1000t),
and an unmodulated carrier Vc(t) =
10sin(2π500kt), determine :
• a) Number of sets of significant side frequencies
• b) Their amplitudes
• c) Draw the frequency spectrum showing their
relative amplitudes.
• d) Calculate the bandwidth by Carson’s rule and
compare it with the Bessel function bandwidth.

66
 Example (solution)
• a) From table of Bessel function, a modulation index of 1
yields a reduced carrier component and three sets of
significant side frequencies.
• b) The relative amplitude of the carrier and side
frequencies are
• Jo = 0.77 (10) = 7.7 V
• J1 = 0.44 (10) = 4.4 V
• J2 = 0.11 (10) = 1.1 V
• J3 = 0.02 (10) = 0.2 V

67
 Example (solution) :
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM

7.7 V

4.4V 4.4V

1.1V 1.1V

0..2 0..2

497 498 499 500 501 502 503

J3 J2 J1 JO J1 J2 J3

68
 Example (solution) Bandwidth
• fm=1kHz using 7.7 V
Peak frequency deviation Δf c
β= 
modulating frequency fm
Δf c
1  Δf c  1kHz 4.4V 4.4V
1kHz
• Bandwidth using 1.1V 1.1V

• Carson’s rule: 0..2 0..2

BW  2( Δf c  fm )  2(1kHz  1kHz )  4kHz

497 498 499 500 501 502 503
J3 J2 J1 JO J1 J2 J3

Total bandwidth obtained by Bessel function=number of significant sidebands X fm

There are 6 sidebands
Bw=6fm=6(1kHz)
Bw=6kHz
This bandwidth is 2kHz wider than the Carson’s bandwidth

69
70
71
 Summary for FM Bandwidth

a) The higher the modulation index in FM, the

greater the number of significant sidebands and
the wider the bandwidth of the signal.
b) Actual minimum bandwidth from Bessel table:
BW  2(n  f m )
n is the number of significant sidebands.

c) Approximate minimum bandwidth using

Carson’s rule:
BW  2(f  f m )
 Examples from the graph

 = 0: When  = 0 the carrier is unmodulated and J0(0) = 1, all other Jn(0) = 0, i.e.

 = 2.4: From the graph (approximately)

J0(2.4) = 0, J1(2.4) = 0.5, J2(2.4) = 0.45 and J3(2.4) = 0.2

73
 FM Spectrum – Graph of Bessel
Coefficients.

Jn()

 = 2.4 =5

74
 Significant Sidebands – Spectrum.
As may be seen from the table of Bessel functions, for values of n above a certain
value, the values of Jn() become progressively smaller. In FM the sidebands are
considered to be significant if Jn()  0.01 (1%).
Although the bandwidth of an FM signal is infinite, components with amplitudes
VcJn(), for which Jn() < 0.01 are deemed to be insignificant and may be ignored.

Example: A message signal with a frequency fm Hz modulates a carrier fc to produce

FM with a modulation index  = 1. Sketch the spectrum.

n Jn(1) Amplitude Frequency

0 0.7652 0.7652Vc fc
1 0.4400 0.44Vc fc+fm fc - fm
2 0.1149 0.1149Vc fc+2fm fc - 2fm
3 0.0196 0.0196Vc fc+3fm fc -3 fm
4 0.0025 Insignificant
5 0.0002 Insignificant
75
 Significant Sidebands – Spectrum.

As shown, the bandwidth of the spectrum containing significant

components is 6fm, for  = 1.
76
 Significant Sidebands – Spectrum.
The table below shows the number of significant sidebands for various modulation
indices () and the associated spectral bandwidth.
 No of sidebands  1% of Bandwidth
unmodulated carrier
0.1 2 2fm
0.3 4 4fm
0.5 4 4fm
1.0 6 6fm
2.0 8 8fm
5.0 16 16fm
10.0 28 28fm
e.g. for  = 5,
16 sidebands
(8 pairs).

77
 VHF/FM

VHF/FM (Very High Frequency band = 30MHz – 300MHz) radio transmissions, in the
band 88MHz to 108MHz have the following parameters:
Max frequency input (e.g. music) 15kHz fm

Deviation 75kHz f c  Vm

f c
Modulation Index  5 
fm
For  = 5 there are 16 sidebands and the FM signal bandwidth is 16fm = 16 x 15kHz
= 240kHz. Applying Carson’s Rule BW = 2(75+15) = 180kHz.

78
 FM Power Distribution

• As seen in Bessel function table, it shows

that as the sideband relative amplitude
increases, the carrier amplitude,J0
decreases.

• This is because, in FM, the total transmitted

power is always constant and the total
average power is equal to the unmodulated
carrier power, that is the amplitude of the
FM remains constant whether or not it is
modulated.
 FM Power Distribution

• In effect, in FM, the total power that is

originally in the carrier is redistributed
between all components of the spectrum, in
an amount determined by the modulation
index, mf, and the corresponding Bessel
functions.
• At certain value of modulation index, the
carrier component goes to zero, where in
this condition, the power is carried by the
sidebands only.
 Average Power of An FM Modulated Wave

• The average power in the unmodulated carrier is defined as

Vc 2
Pc  W (1)
2R
where Pc = carrier power (watts)
Vc = peak umodulated carrier voltage (volts)
R = load resistance (ohms)

81
 Average Power of An FM Modulated Wave
• The FM system consists of an infinite number of sinusoidal side
frequency components about the frequency equal to twice the
carrier frequency (2ωc). Consequently, the average value of the
higher frequency term goes to zero, and the average power of the
modulated wave reduced to
Vc 2
Pt  W (2)
2R
• (1) and (2) are identical, the average power of the modulated
carrier must be equal to the average power of the unmodulated
carrier. The modulated carrier power is the sum of the powers of
the carrier and the side frequency components.
• Therefore, the total modulated wave power is

Pt  P0  P1  P2  P3  Pn
Vc 2 2V 1 2V 2  2V 3  2Vn 
2 2 2 2
     (3)
2R 2R 2R 2R 2R
82
 POWER IN THE FM WAVE

• power of the unmodulated carrier

2
Vcrms
PT 
R

• For a modulated carrier

PT  PJ 0  PJ1  PJ 2  PJ 3  ...  PJ n
2 2 2 2 2
V 2V 2V 2V 2V
     ... 
J0 J1 J2 J3 Jn

R R R R R

83
 Example
• For an FM modulator with a modulation index β=1,
a modulating signal Vm(t)=Vm sin(2π1000t), and an
unmodulated carrier Vc(t) = 10sin(2π500kt),
determine :
• a) The unmodulated carrier power, (assume a load
resistance RL = 50 Ώ)

• b) The total power in the angle modulated wave.

84
 Example: solution

• a) Pc = (10)(10)/(2)(50) =1 W

• b) Pt 
7.7 2

2( 4.4) 2

2(1.1) 2

2(0.2) 2
2(50) 2(50) 2(50) 2(50)

•
Pt  0.5929  0.3872  0.0242  0.0008  1.0051W
•
 EXAMPLE
Find the carrier and modulating frequencies, the modulating
index, and the max. deviation of an FM wave below. What
power will the wave dissipate in a 10 ohm resistor?
v  12 sin 6  10 t  5 sin 1250t 
8

Compare this with:

 f c 
v  A sin   c t  sin  m t 
 fm 
 c 6  108  m 1250
fc    95.5MHz fm    199Hz
2 2 2 2

Modulating index=5 as given.

2
12 
Vrms  
2  72
Power, P    7.2W
R 10 10