Protection and Restoration in

Optical Network
UCB

Ling Huang
Hling@cs.berkeley.edu
UCB Outline
 Introduction to Network Survivability
 Optics in Internet
 Protection and Restoration in Internet
 Optical Layer Survivability
 Protection in Ring Network
 Protection in Mesh Network
 Multi-Layer Resilience
 Conclusion.
 UCB Network Survivability
 A very important aspect of modern networks
 The ever-increasing bit rate makes an unrecovered failure a
significant loss for network operators.
 Cable cuts (especially terrestrial) are very frequent.
 No network-operator is willing to accept unprotected
networks anymore.
 Restoration = function of rerouting failed connections
 Survivability = property of a network to be resilient to
failure
 Requires physical redundancy and restoration protocols.
 UCB Optics in the Internet

Data
SONET
Center
SONET

DWD
M DWD
M

SONET
SONET

Metro Long Haul Metro

Access
Access
 UCB Optical Network: a Layered vision
Layer
3 Layer
IP
2
ATM
1 IP
2/3
MPLS
0 Packet
SONET Packet
Thin SONET
Inter- IP/MPLS
Opti working Smart
Optics
cs Optical Optical 0/1

Multi-physical layers Fewer physical layers

• multi & legacy services • IP service dominance
• robustness, QOS • lower cost
1999 2001 2002
 UCB Protection and Restoration in Internet
 A well defined set of restoration techniques already
exists in the upper electronic layers:
 ATM/MPLS
 IP
 TCP
 Restoration speeds in different layers:
 BGP-4: 15 – 30 minutes
 OSPF: 10 seconds to minutes
 SONET: 50 milliseconds
 Optical Mesh: currently hundred milliseconds to minutes
 UCB Why Optical Layer Protection
 Restoration in the upper layers is slow and require
intensive signaling
 On contrary 50-ms range when automatic protection
schemes are implement in the optical transport layer.
 Purpose of performing restoration in the optical
layer:
 To decrease the outage time by exploiting fast rerouting
of the failed connection.
 Main problem in adding protection function in a
new layer:
 Instability due to duplication of functions.
 Need the merging of DWDM and electronic transport
layer control and management.
UCB Why Optical Layer Protection?
 Advantages.
 Speed.
 Efficiency.
 Limitation
 Detection of all faults not possible.(3R).
 Protects traffic in units of light paths.
 Race conditions when optical and client
layer both try to protect against same
failure.
 UCB Protection Technique Classification
 Restoration techniques can protect the network
against:
 Link failures
 Fiber-cables cuts and line devices failures (amplifers)
 Equipment failures
 OXCs, OADMs, eclectro-optical interface.
 Protection can be implemented
 In the optical channel sublayer (path protection)
 In the optical multiplex sublayer (line protection)
 Different protection techniques are used for
 Ring networks
 Mesh networks
 UCB Protection in Ring Network

1+1 Path Protection 1:1 Span and Line Protection 1:1 Line Protection
Used in access rings for Used in metropolitan or long- Used for interoffice
traffic aggregation into haul rings rings
central office
 UCB Protection in Mesh Networks

 Network planning and survivability design

 Disjoint path idea: service working route and its backup
route are topologically diverse.
 Lightpaths of a logical topology can withstand physical
link failures.

Working Path

Backup Path
UCB Reactive / Proactive
 Reactive
 A search is initiated to find a
new lightpath which does
not use the failed
components after the
failure happens.
 It can not guarantee
successful recovery,
 Longer restoration time
 Proactive
 Backup lightpaths are
identified and resources are
reserved at the time of
establishing the primary
lightpath itself.
Taxonomy
 100 percent restoration
 Faster recovery
UCB Path Protection / Line Protection

Normal Operation
Path Switching: Line Switching: restoration is
restoration is handled handled by is
restoration thehandled
nodes by
by the source and the adjacent
the nodestoadjacent
the failure.
to the
destination. Span Protection: if additional
failure.
fiber is available.
Line Protection.
UCB 1+1 Protection

 Traffic is sent over two parallel paths, and

the destination selects a better one.
 In case of failure, the destination switch
onto the other path.
 Pros: simple for implementation and fast
restoration
 Cons: waste of bandwidth
UCB 1:1 Protection

 During normal operation, no traffic or low

priority traffic is sent across the backup path.
 In case failure both the source and destination
switch onto the protection path.
 Pros: better network utilization.
 Cons: required signaling overhead, slower
restoration.
 UCB Shared Protection

Normal Operation

1:N Protection
In Case of Failure

 Backup fibers are used for protection of multiple links

 Assume independent failure and handle single failure.
 The capacity reserved for protection is greatly reduced.
 UCB Multiplexing Techniques
 Primary Backup Multiplexing
 Used in a dynamic traffic scenario, to further improve

resource utilization.
 Allows a wavelength channel to be shared by a primary and

one or more backup paths.

 By doing so, the blocking probability of demands decreases at

the expense of reduced restoration guarantee. (An increased

number of lightpaths can be established)

• A lightpath loses its

recoverability when a channel
on its backup lightpath is used
by some other primary lightpath.
• It regains its recoverability when
the other primary lightpath
terminates.
 UCB Survivability Design: Joint Optimization Problem

 Problem Description
 Given a network in terms of nodes (WXCs) and links, and a set

of point-to-point demands, find both the primary lightpath and

the backup lightpath for each demand so that the total
required network capacity is minimized.
 Notation
 N: the set of nodes;
 L: the set of links;
 D: the set of demands
 Cij: the capacity weight for link (ij)
 Wij: the capacity requirement on link (ij) in terms of # of
wavelength
 Objective
 Minimize
UCB Integer Programming Formulation
1) Objective function

2) and 3) the flow conservation

constraints for demand d’s
primary path and backup
path, respectively.

4) Logical relationship: the

backup path consumes link
capacity iff the primary
path is affected by the fault.

5): Restoration route

independent of the failure.
6): Link capacity requirement
UCB Multi-Layer Resilience
UCB Multi-Layer Resilience
 UCB Multi-Layer Counter-Productive Behavior
Link in
Routing table Traffic
Revision (no link) Routing table
Revision (with link)

Link Rediscovered
ALARM

Link recovered through optical protection

Link Down

10s ms 10s seconds 10s seconds

 Instant response to Level 1 alarms in high layer

causes unnecessary routing activity, routing
instability, and traffic congestion
Source: RHK
UCB Multi-Layer Interaction
UCB Multi-Layer Interaction
UCB Conclusion
 Different resilience schemes applicable in
optical network have been discussed.
 Network planning and topology design for
survivability is computationally intractable and
faster heuristic solutions are needed.
 Multi-layer restoration is a hot point in current
optical survivability research.
 Joint IP/optical restoration mechanism is the
trend in next generation optical network.
UCB Unidirectional Path Switched Ring (UPSR)

Signal sent on Best quality

both working and signal selected
protected path

Receiving Traffic
Sending Traffic
N2
N1

Outside Ring = Working

Inside Ring = Protection

N3

N4
N1 send data to N2
UCB Unidirectional Path Switched Ring (UPSR)
Signal sent on
Best quality both working and
signal selected protected path

Reply Traffic
Receiving Traffic N2
N1

Outside Ring = Working

Inside Ring = Protection

N3

N4
N2 replies back to N1
 UCB Bidirectional Line Switched Ring (2-Fiber BLSRs)

Sending/Receiving Sending/Receiving
Traffic Traffic
N2
N1

Both Rings = Working & Protection

N3

N4
N1 send data to N2 & N2 replies to N1
 UCB Bidirectional Line Switched Ring (4-Fiber BLSRs)

Sending/Receiving Sending/Receiving
Traffic Traffic
N2
N1

OC-48
2 Outside Rings = Working
2 Inside Rings = Protection

N3

N4

N1 send data to N2 & N2 replies to N1