LACTOSE INTOLERANCE

PRESENTED BY
B1 GROUP 2
 Group Members

 LALRINPUII
 CLARE LALROBUANGI
 CHEMBAYIL, SITHARA JAHANA
 MAKWANA, DARSHIL JITENDRA
 MAHENDRAN DOMINIC, ANTO MATHIEW
Objectives

 To understand what is lactose, where it comes from and how the

body digests it
 To comprehend the relation of lactose intolerance to lactase
deficiency
 To learn the different syndromes of lactase deficiency and types of
lactose intolerance
 To learn the clinical manifestations of lactose intolerance and its
diagnosis
 What is lactose?

 disaccharide molecule composed of galactose

and glucose that is found in milk
 makes up around 2–8% of milk (varies among species)
 Food sources of lactose
 Milk and foods containing milk
 products labeled nondairy may
include ingredients that are
derived from milk and, therefore,
contain lactose
 Lactose is used as the base for
more than 20% of prescription
drugs and about 6% of over-the-
counter drugs
 Utilization of lactose

Lactose = Glucose + Galactose

Glucose provides immediate energy for body
or form glycogen as storage energy.
Galactose can be further converted to glucose
 Lactose Intolerance

 Lactose intolerance is a common digestive problem where

the body is unable to digest lactose, a type of sugar mainly
found in milk and dairy products
 Lactase Deficiency

 Lack of the enzyme lactase in the small intestine. Lactase is

needed to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and most other
dairy products
IS IT THE SAME AS LACTASE DEFICIENCY?
EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER?

 People with lactose intolerance are unable to fully digest the lactose
in milk leading to diarrhoea, gas and bloating after eating or drinking
dairy products.
 Lactase deficiency is usually responsible for lactose intolerance since
the cells lining the small intestine are unable to produce enough
lactase needed to breakdown lactose to glucose and galactose.
From this, it can be seen that they are not same as lactose
intolerance occurs due to lactase deficiency.
 Three Distinct Clinical Syndromes of
Lactase Deficiency

 Congenital causes of lactose intolerance

Lactase deficiency may occur because of a
congenital absence (absent from birth) of lactase due
to a mutation in the gene that is responsible for
producing lactase. This is a very rare cause of lactase
deficiency, and the symptoms of this type of lactase
deficiency begin shortly after birth.
 CELIAC DISEASE

Celiac disease is a serious

autoimmune disorder that can
occur in genetically predisposed
people where the ingestion of
gluten leads to damage in the
small intestine.
 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
(IBD)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a

group of inflammatory conditions of the
colon and small intestine. Chron’s disease
and ulcerative colitis are the principal
types of inflammatory bowel disease. It is
important to note that not only does
Chron’s disease affect the small intestine,
it can also affect the mouth, esophagus,
stomach and the anus whereas ulcerative
colitis primarily affects the colon and the
rectum.
 Types of Lactose Intolerance

 Primary lactase deficiency

 Secondary lactase deficiency
 Developmental lactase deficiency
 Congenital lactase deficiency
 Primary Lactase Deficiency

 Also called lactase nonpersistance

 Most common type of lactase deficiency
 Lactase production often begin to decline at about
age 2
 Primary lactase deficiency is inherited from parents
 Secondary Lactase Deficiency

 Due to injury to small intestine from infection,

diseases or other problems
 Treating underlying cause usually improves the
lactose intolerance
 Developmental Lactase Deficiency

 May occur in infants born prematurely

 Lasts for only a short time after they are born
 Congenital Lactase Deficiency

 Extremely rare
 Small intestine produces little or no lactase enzyme
from birth
 Infants may fail to thrive unless given lactose free
formula
 Genes inherited from parents
Characteristic Clinical Manifestations of
Lactose Intolerance
 The common primary symptoms of lactose intolerance are
gastrointestinal and include:
 1.Abdominal pain
 2.Diarrhoea and
 3.Flatulence (passing gas).
 Less common symptoms of lactose intolerance include:
 1.Abdominal bloating,
 2.Abdominal distention and
 3.Nausea.
Molecular Basis of the Clinical Manifestations of
Lactose Intolerance

Unabsorbed sugars
osmotically absorb
fluids into the bowel
lumen.
Laboratory Tests/Procedures to
Diagnose Lactose Intolerance
Types of Test

 Hydrogen breath test

 Lactose tolerance test
 Stool acidity test
Hydrogen Breath Test

Procedures :
 Drink a liquid solution
containing lactose.
 Breath into a
balloon-like devices.

The more hydrogen exhaled, the more likely it is

that the body is unable to process lactose
Lactose Tolerance Test

Procedures :
 Drink a liquid solution
containing lactose.
 Blood sample.

Blood glucose does not rise, the body is not

digesting or absorbing lactose.
Stool Acidity Test

Procedure :
 Stool sample.

Fermenting lactose in the intestines is

a sign of lactose intolerance
THANK YOU