Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Performance
Nutritional Factors
in Health and
Performance
• Energy Requirements
– Energy is commonly measured in kilocalories (kcal
or calories).
– A kilocalorie is the work or energy required to raise
the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 °C (or 2.2 pounds
of water 1.8 °F).
– Energy (caloric) requirement is defined as energy
intake equal to expenditure, resulting in constant
body weight.
Weight and Body Composition
• Energy Requirements
– Factors Influencing Energy Requirements
• Resting metabolic rate
• Thermic effect of food
• Physical activity
Key Point
• Energy Requirements
– Estimating Energy Requirements
• Energy needs can be loosely estimated using the
guidelines found in table 10.7.
• Athletes can also use food diaries during periods of stable
body weight to estimate requirements.
• Quick calculation for baseline is BW x 11
Weight and Body Composition
• Weight Gain
– If all the extra calories consumed are used for
muscle growth during resistance training, then
about 2,500 extra kilocalories are required for
each 1-pound (0.45 kg) increase in lean tissue.
Key Point
• Weight Loss
– If all the expended or dietary-restricted kilocalories
apply to body fat loss, then a deficit of 3,500 kcal will
result in a 1-pound (0.45 kg) fat loss.
– The maximal rate of fat loss appears to be approx-
imately 1% of body mass per week.
– This is an average of 1.1 to 2.2 pounds (0.5-1.0 kg)
per week and represents a daily caloric deficit of
approximately 500 to 1,000 kcal.
Key Point
• Macronutrients
– Protein
• Structure and Function of Proteins
• Dietary Protein
• Protein Requirements
– General Requirements
– Increased Requirements for Athletes
(continued)
Section Outline (continued)
• Macronutrients
– Carbohydrates
• Structure and Sources of Carbohydrates
• Dietary Carbohydrate
• Glycemic Index
• Fiber
• Carbohydrate Requirements
– Lipids
• Structure and Function of Lipids
• Fat and Disease
• Fat Requirements and Recommendations
• Fat and Performance
Macronutrients
• Protein
– Structure and Function of Proteins
• More than half of the amino acids can be synthesized by
the human body and are commonly called “nonessential”
amino acids because they do not need to be consumed in
the diet.
• Nine of the amino acids are “essential” because the body
cannot manufacture them and therefore they must be
obtained through the diet.
• Proteins provide 4 kcal/g.
• Goal for athletes is to maintain positive nitrogen balance
Table 10.2
Macronutrients
• Protein
– Dietary Protein
• high-quality (complete) protein: A protein with an amino
acid pattern similar to that needed by the body. Usually of
animal origin.
• low-quality (incomplete) protein: A protein that is deficient in
one or more of the essential amino acids. Usually of plant
origin.
• Can combine beans and rice, corn and beans, corn tortillas
and refried beans, peanut butter and bread
• Does not have to be combined at the same meal
Macronutrients
• Protein
– Protein Requirements
• General Requirements
– Assuming that caloric intake is adequate and that two-thirds
or more of the protein is from animal sources, the recom-
mended intake for protein for adults is 0.8 g/kg (0.36 g/pound)
of body weight for both men and women.
– Expressed as a percent of daily caloric intake, a common
protein intake recommendation is 10% to 15%.
Key Point
• Protein
– Protein Requirements
• Increased Requirements for Athletes
– Based on current research, it appears that the protein
requirements for athletes are between 1.5 and 2.0 g/kg
of body weight, assuming that caloric intake and protein
quality are adequate. This is double (or more) than the
0.8 g/kg for the general population
Macronutrients
• Carbohydrates
– The primary role of carbohydrate in human
physiology is to serve as an energy source.
– Carbohydrates provide 4 kcal/g.
– Chemical structure carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
(so is fat and protein, but protein also contains
nitrogen)
– 5-6 g/kg/day for athletes; 8-10 g/kg for aerobic
athletes (>90 min/day)
Macronutrients
• Carbohydrates
– Structure and Sources of Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, and galactose) are
single-sugar molecules.
• Disaccharides (sucrose-(table sugar), lactose, and maltose
(glucose + glucose—in alcohol)) are composed of two
simple sugar units joined together.
• Polysaccharides, also known as complex carbohydrates,
contain up to thousands of glucose units. Starch, fiber, and
glycogen
Macronutrients
• Carbohydrates
– Dietary Carbohydrate
• All types of dietary carbohydrate—sugars as well as
starches—are effective in supplying the athlete with
glucose and glycogen.
• Consumption of a mix of sugars and starches is desirable.
Macronutrients
• Carbohydrates
– Glycemic Index
• The GI classifies a food by how high and for how long it raises
blood glucose.
• The reference food is glucose or white bread (GI = 100).
• Foods that are digested quickly and raise blood glucose (and
insulin) rapidly have a high GI.
• Foods that take longer to digest and thus slowly increase blood
glucose (and therefore stimulate less insulin) have a low GI.
• Limited use due to cooking, processing, eating the food as part of
a meal, eating a different amount, and eating at a different time of
day (and even what was eaten the day before)
Glycemic Index (GI) of Various Foods
• Carbohydrates
– Fiber
• The DRI for fiber is 38 and 25 g/day for young men and
women, respectively.
• This level of fiber may be excessive for some aerobic
endurance athletes.
– Carbohydrate Requirements
• The general recommendation is to consume 50% to 55%
of total daily calories as carbohydrate.
• Aerobic endurance athletes who train for long durations
(90 minutes or more daily) should replenish glycogen levels
by consuming maximal levels of carbohydrate, approxi-
mately 8 to 10 g/kg of body weight.
Key Point
• Lipids
– Structure and Function of Lipids
• Fatty acids containing no double bonds are saturated.
• Fatty acids containing one double bond are mono-
unsaturated.
• Fatty acids containing two or more double bonds are
polyunsaturated.
• Fats provide approximately 9 kcal/g.
Macronutrients
• Lipids
– Fat and Disease
• High levels of cholesterol or unfavorable ratios of
lipoproteins are associated with increased risk of heart
disease.
• High levels of HDLs protect against heart disease.
• HDLs can be increased by exercise and weight loss.
Table 10.4
Macronutrients
• Lipids
– Fat Requirements and Recommendations
• The recommendation for the general public from health
organizations such as the American Heart Association is
that fat should constitute 30% or less of the total calories
consumed.
• It is recommended that 20% of the total calories (or two-
thirds of the total fat intake) come from monounsaturated or
polyunsaturated sources and 10% from saturated fats (one-
third of total fat intake).
(continued)
Macronutrients
• Lipids
– Fat Requirements and Recommendations
(continued)
• The Sub-Committee on Nutrition of the United Nations
recommends an upper limit for fat intake of 35% of total
calories for active people.
• The American Heart Association and the Sub-Committee
on Nutrition of the United Nations recommend that fat
provide at least 15% of the total calories in the diets of
adults and at least 20% of total calories in the diets of
women of reproductive age.
Key Point
• Lipids
– Fat and Performance
• Intramuscular fatty acids are more important during activity.
• Circulating fatty acids (from adipose tissue or diet) are
more important during recovery.
• Consumption of high-fat diets may enhance performance
and result in longer distance to exhaustion.
• The effects of high-fat diets vary, depending on the
individual.
• Elite athletes may need >30% fat intake and aerobic
athletes may approach 50%
• Lower limit of <15% may ↓testosterone production
Section Outline
• Micronutrients
– Vitamins
– Minerals
• Iron
• Calcium
Micronutrients
• Vitamins
– Vitamins are organic substances (i.e., containing
carbon atoms) that cannot be synthesized by the
body.
– They are needed in very small amounts and perform
specific metabolic functions. Vitamins supplements
are catalysts and work only in the presence of well-
timed eating
Table 10.5
(continued)
(continued)
Table 10.5 (continued)
Micronutrients
• Minerals
– Minerals are required for a wide variety of metabolic
functions.
– For athletes, minerals are important for bone health,
oxygen-carrying capacity, and fluid and electrolyte
balance.
Table 10.6
(continued)
Table 10.6 (continued)
(continued)
Micronutrients
• Minerals
– Iron
• Iron is a constituent of hemoglobin and myoglobin and,
as such, plays a role in oxygen transport and utilization
of energy.
Micronutrients
• Minerals
– Calcium
• Athletes who consume low-calcium diets may be at risk for
osteopenia and osteoporosis (deterioration of bone tissue
leading to increased bone fragility and risk of fracture).
Section Outline
• Water
– Water is the largest component of the body,
representing from 45% to 70% of a person’s body
weight.
– Total body water is determined largely by body
composition; muscle tissue is approximately 75%
water, whereas fat tissue is about 20% water.
– Most forgotten/overlooked nutrient in nutritional
planning
Fluid and Electrolytes
• Water
– Fluid Balance
• The average fluid requirement for adults is estimated to be
2 to 2.7 quarts (1.9-2.6 L) per day.
• Athletes sweating profusely for several hours per day may
need to consume an extra 3 to 4 gallons (11-15 L) of fluid
to replace losses.
Fluid and Electrolytes
• Water
– Risks of Dehydration
• Fluid loss equal to as little as 1% of total body weight can
be associated with an elevation in core temperature during
exercise.
• Fluid loss of 3% to 5% of body weight results in cardio-
vascular strain and impaired ability to dissipate heat.
• At 7% loss, collapse is likely.
Key Point
• Water
– Monitoring Hydration Status
• Each pound (0.45 kg) lost during practice represents
1 pint (0.5 L) of fluid loss.
• Signs of dehydration include the following:
– Dark yellow, strong-smelling urine
– Decreased frequency of urination
– Rapid resting heart rate
– Prolonged muscle soreness
Fluid and Electrolytes
• Electrolytes
– The major electrolytes lost in sweat are sodium
chloride, and, to a lesser extent, potassium.
• Fluid Replacement
– The ultimate goal is to start exercise in a hydrated
state, avoid dehydration during exercise, and
rehydrate before the next training session.
– May need to make it “taste good” for those not
accustomed to drinking water
– A word on caffeinated beverages: ↑urine production
if not accustomed to it, ↓urine production if used to it
Fluid and Electrolytes
• Obesity
Table 10.8
Key Point