INTEGUMENTA

RY SYSTEM
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
 Integumentary system is composed of the
skin and accessory structures (hair, hair
follicles, nails, glands & nerves)
 Functions of the integumentary system
 Protects the other body systems from
injury and infection:
o Mechanical damage (cuts & bruises)
o Chemical damage (acids & bases)
o Thermal damage (heat & cold)
o Ultraviolet damage (Sunlight)
o Defense against microorganisms
 Helps the body maintain homeostasis by
regulating temperature, retaining body
fluids, and eliminating wastes
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 The skin is the outer covering of the
body
 In humans, it is the largest organ of
the integumentary system made up
of multiple layers of epithelial tissues,
and guards the underlying muscles,
bones, ligaments and internal organs
 Human skin is like that of most other
mammals except that it is not
protected by a pelt and appears
hairless though in fact nearly all
human skin is covered with hair
follicles
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 FUNCTION OF SKIN
 PROTECTION
o An anatomical barrier from pathogens and damage between the
internal and external environment in bodily defense
 SENSATION
o Contains a variety of nerve endings that react to heat and cold, touch,
pressure, vibration, and tissue injury
 HEAT REGULATION
o The skin contains a blood supply far greater than its requirements which
allows precise control of heat loss by radiation, convection, conduction
and evaporation. Dilated blood vessels increase perfusion and heat
loss while constricted vessels greatly reduce blood flow in the skin and
conserve heat
 AESTHETICS AND COMMUNICATION
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 FUNCTION OF SKIN
 STORAGE AND SYNTHESIS
o Acts as a storage center for lipids and water, as well as a means of
synthesis of vitamin D (Calcitriol) by action of UV on certain parts of the
skin
 EXCRETION
o Sweat contains urea, however its concentration is 1/130th that of urine,
hence excretion by sweating is at most a secondary function to
temperature regulation
 ABSORPTION
o Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide can diffuse into the epidermis in
small amounts, some animals use their skin for their sole respiration
organ. In addition, medicine can be administered through the skin, by
ointments or by means of adhesive patch. The skin is an important site
of transport in many other organisms
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 TYPES OF SKIN
 THICK SKIN
o Only on palms and soles
• Thick epidermis (6 - 4.5mm) distinct stratum lucidum and thick
stratum corneum
• Lacks hair follicles and sebaceous glands

 THIN SKIN
o Covers most of the body
• Thin epidermis (1 - .15mm) lacks stratum lucidum
• Lacks epidermal ridges, fewer sweat glands and sensory receptors
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 SKIN ANATOMY
 EPIDERMIS
o The outer thinner portion which is
composed of epithelial tissue
• KERATINOCYTES
*Produce the protein keratin that helps
waterproof and protect the skin and
underlying tissues. It is the major
epidermal cell
• MELANOCYTES
*Produces the pigment melanin, a
brown - black pigment that contributes
to skin color and absorbs ultraviolet
(UV) light from the sun
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 SKIN ANATOMY
 EPIDERMIS
o The outer thinner portion which is
composed of epithelial tissue
• LANGERHANS CELL
*Interacts with white blood cells called
Helper-T cells in immune responses,
and are easily damaged by UV
radiation
• MERKEL CELL
*Located on the deepest layer of
epidermis (Stratum Basale). It make
contact with the ending of a sensory
neuron, and are thought to function in
the sensation of touch
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 SKIN ANATOMY
 EPIDERMIS
o LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 SKIN ANATOMY
 EPIDERMIS
o LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS
• STRATUM CORNEUM
*Consists of 25 to 30 rows of dead
cells, completely filled with keratin
*Cells on this layers are continuously
shed and replaced by cells from
deeper strata.
It serves as an effective barrier
against light and heat waves, bacteria
and many chemicals
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 SKIN ANATOMY
 EPIDERMIS
o LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS
• STRATUM LUCIDUM
*Usually not present on hairy skin,
only the thick skin of the palm and
soles has this layer
*It contains intermediate substance
that was formed from keratohyalin
which continually transformed to
keratin
• STRATUM GRANULOSUM
*Develops keratohyalin, the precursor
of keratin
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 SKIN ANATOMY
 EPIDERMIS
o LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS
• STRATUM BASALE OR
GERMINATIVUM
*A single layer of cuboidal to columnar
cells resting on and separated from
the underlying dermis by a basal
lamina
*Capacity of continued cells division
→ Produces stem cells that produce
and multiply melanocytes and
keratinocytes, which push up toward
the surface and become part of the
more superficial layer
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 SKIN ANATOMY
 DERMIS
o Composed of connective tissue
containing collagen and elastic
fibers. It varies in thickness, very
thick in the palms and soles, and
very thin in the eye lid and other
parts of the body
o It can be seen:
• FIBROBLASTS
*Cell that produces collagen and
elastic fibers
• MACROPHAGES
*Cell of the lymphatic which fights
bacteria
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 SKIN ANATOMY
 DERMIS
o TWO REGIONS OF THE DERMIS
• PAPILLARY REGION
*The upper dermal region. It is
uneven and has fingerlike
projections from its superior surface
called…
 DERMAL PAPILAE
 Indents the epidermis above
 Contains capillary loop which
furnish nutrients to epidermis
Sudoriferous
(sweat) Seboceous Pacinian
glands (oil) glands corpuscle
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 SKIN ANATOMY
 DERMIS
o TWO REGIONS OF THE DERMIS
• PAPILLARY REGION
*The upper dermal region. It is
uneven and has fingerlike
projections from its superior surface
called…
 DERMAL PAPILAE
 They are arranged in definite
patterns on the palm of the
hands and soles of the foot
that form looped and whorled
Sudoriferous
ridges on the surface that (sweat) Seboceous Pacinian
increase friction and enhance glands (oil) glands corpuscle
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 SKIN ANATOMY
 DERMIS
o TWO REGIONS OF THE DERMIS
• RETICULAR LAYER
*The deepest region
 It contains blood vessels, sweat
and oil glands, and deep
pressure receptors (Pacinian
Corpuscle)
 Contains many phagocytes that
act to (sweat) glands prevent
bacteria that managed to get
Pacinian through the epidermis
Sudoriferous
from penetrating Sebaceous (sweat) Seboceous Pacinian
(oil) Corpuscle any deeper into glands (oil) glands corpuscle
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 SKIN ANATOMY
 DERMIS
o TWO REGIONS OF THE DERMIS
• RETICULAR LAYER
*The deepest region
 Contains combination of
collagen fibers that strengthens
the skin, and elastic fibers that
gives elasticity to the skin.

Sudoriferous
(sweat) Seboceous Pacinian
glands (oil) glands corpuscle
 EPIDERMIS DERMIS (CORIUM OR TRUE SKIN)
 It is avascular  Called the “true” skin; the dermis
contains the blood vessels and
 Outermost layer of the skin that
nerves
is composed of a surface of dead
cells with an underlying layer of  Dense Connective tissue;
living cells strong/flexible
 Complete regeneration approx.  Collagen, Elastin (stretch/recoil)
35 days
 Contains:
 Derived from the stratum basale
 Blood vessels and capillaries
layer
 Lymphatic vessels
 Made up of stratified squamous
cells that are capable of  Nerves
keratinizing (hard/tough)
 Hair shafts and hair follicles
o Melanocytes (Pigment cells)
→ Increase in sun exposure  Sensory receptors
will cause these cells to  Sudorferous glands - sweat
produce more melanin
 Sebaceous glands - oil
o Langerhans cells →
Macrophages that activate the
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 SKIN ANATOMY
 SUBCUTANEOUS - HYPODERMIS
o Not skin
o Adipose and areolar connective tissue
o Stores fat
o Anchors skin to underlying structures (Muscles)
o Allows skin to slide freely
o Shock absorber, insulator
o Thickens with weight gain
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 SKIN COLOR
 3 Pigments that contributes to skin color are:
o KERATIN (Pigments)
• Yellow to orange
• Accumulates in stratum corneum and fatty tissue of hypodermis
• Color obvious in palms and soles
o MELANIN (Pigments) → Located mostly in the epidermis
• Only pigment in the skin
• Yellow to reddish-brown to black
• Synthesis depends on enzyme in melanocytes
• Racial differences vary on amount of melanin made
• Local accumulation in freckles and moles
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN (HAIR)
 HAIR
o Composed of columns of dead,
keratinized cells welded together
• Its primary function is protection,
though limited. Hairs on the head
guards the scalp from injury and the
sun’s rays, it also decreases heat
loss
• Eyelashes protects the eyes from
foreign particles
• Hairs in nostrils protects against
inhaling insects and foreign
particles.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN (HAIR)
 HAIR
o HAIR COLOR
• Due primarily to melanin in the hair cortex and medulla
• Dark - colored hair contains mostly true melanin
• Blond and red hair contain variants of melanin in which there is iron
and more sulphur
• Graying of hair is the loss of pigment believed to be the result of a
progressive decline of tyrosinase – an enzyme necessary for the
production of melanin.
 Help regulate the body temperature
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM and excrete body wastes
 SKIN
 APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN
(GLANDS)
 SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS
o Produces sebum which moistens
hairs and waterproofs the skin
o They are usually connected to hair
follicles and they are absent in the
palm and soles
 SUDORIFEROUS (SWEAT) GLANDS
o Produces perspiration which carries
small amount of wastes to the
surface and assists in maintaining
body temperature
o Two types of sudoriferous glands are
• APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN
(GLANDS)
 SUDORIFEROUS (SWEAT) GLANDS
o Two types of sudoriferous glands are
• APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
*Their ducts open into hair follicles
*They begin to function at puberty
and produce a more viscous
secretion that eccrine sweat glands;
they are stimulated during
emotional stress and sexual
excitement
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN
(GLANDS)
 SUDORIFEROUS (SWEAT) GLANDS
o Two types of sudoriferous glands are
• ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
*Extensively distributed to the entire
skin except for the margins of the
lips, nail beds of the fingers and
toes, most parts of the genitals, and
eardrums; their ducts terminates at
pores at the surface of the
epidermis; most numerous in the
palms and the soles; eccrine sweat
glands function throughout life and
produce a secretion that is more
watery than that of apocrine sweat
glands
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN
(GLANDS)
 CERMINOUS GLANDS
o Are modified sudoriferous glands that
produce cerumen, they are found in
the external auditory meatus.
 4 TYPES OF GLANDS IN THE SKIN (EXOCRINE)
SEBACEOUS SUDORIFEROUS CERUMINOUS MAMMAR
GLANDS (OIL) GLANDS (SWEAT) GLANDS (WAX) Y (MILK)
GLANDS
 Secretory in  Apocrine (sweat)  Modified sweat
dermis → Open glands → Secrete glands
into hair shafts at hair follicle and
 Located in
active at puberty
 Acne → Bacterial auditory canal
inflammation of  In dermis with
 Cerumen
glands ducts that open
into hair follicles  Contains
 Secretions
secretions of oil
stimulated by • Axilla
and wax glands
hormones at (Underarm)
puberty  Barrier for
• Perianal (Near
entrance of
 Associated with the anal area)
foreign bodies
blackheads
 Impacted
cerumen may
reduce hearing
 4 TYPES OF GLANDS IN THE SKIN (EXOCRINE)
SEBACEOUS GLANDS (OIL)
 Sebum → Combination of
cholesterol, proteins, fats, and salts
 Keeps hair/skin soft and pliable
 Inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi
SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS (SWEAT)
 Apocrine (sweat) glands →
Secrete at hair follicle and active at
puberty
 In dermis with ducts that open into
hair follicles
• Areole (Nipple)
• Periumbilical (Around the belly
button)
• External ear canal
• Eyelids
 Eccrine (Sweat glands)
 Most areas of the body
 In dermis with ducts to surface
 Regulates body temp
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN (NAIL)
 NAILS
o Are plates of tightly packed, hard, keratinized
cells of the epidermis
• NAIL BODY
*Is the portion of the nail that is visible
*Is pink due to underlying capillaries
• FREE EDGE
*Is the part that may extend past the end of
the digit
*Appears white
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 SKIN
 APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN (NAIL)
 NAILS
o Are plates of tightly packed, hard, keratinized
cells of the epidermis
• NAIL ROOT
*Is the portion that buried in a fold of the skin
*Buried under skin layers
• LUNULA
*The whitish semilunar area of the nail
*Is white due to thickened stratum basale
 DISORDERS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
ACNE Caused by increased secretion of oil related to
VULGARIS increased hormones during puberty
ALBINISM Inherited disorder in which melanin is not produced
ALOPECIA Baldness
ATHLETE’S FOOT Contagious fungal infection of the foot
CELLULITIS Bacterial infection of the dermis and subcutaneous
layer of the skin
CHLOASMA Patchy discoloration of the face
CLEFT LIP OR CLEFT Upper lip has a cleft where the nasal palate doesn’t
PALATE meet properly
CONTACT Allergic reaction that may occur after initial contact or
DERMATITIS as an acquired response
DANDRUFF White flakes of dead skin cells from the scalp
DECUBITUS ULCERS Sores or areas of inflammation that occur over bony
(BED SORES) prominences of the body
 DISORDERS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
ECZEMA  Group of disorders caused by allergic or irritant
reactions
 Red, dry, itchy, scaly skin
FUNGAL SKIN Skin infections that live on dead outer surface or
INFECTIONS epidermis
FURUNCLE Boil, or bacterial infection of a hair follicle
HIRSUTISM Abnormal amount of hair growth in unusual places
IMPETIGO Very contagious bacterial (staph or strep) skin
infection that occurs most often in children
KAPOSI’S SARCOMA Form of cancer that originates in blood vessels and
spreads to skin
PSORIASIS Chronic skin disorder in which too many epidermal
cells are produced
SCLERODERMIA Rare autoimmune disorder that affects blood vessels
and connective tissues of the skin
VITILIGO Condition that causes loss of pigment in the skin