MGMT 203

Human Factors and Crew Resource

Management

Module 6
 THIS DAY IN AVIATION
 October 30

 1908 — Henry
Farman performs the
first cross-country flight
in Europe as well as the
first flight between two
towns.
 THIS DAY IN AVIATION
 October 30

 1919 — Reversible
pitch propeller tested.
Questions / Comments
 October / November 2017
SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY

15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Module 5 Module 5 Module 5 Module 5 Flightline
Intro Aviation Safety Aviation Safety Aviation Safety Friday
Aviation and Security and Security and Security
Safety and
Security

22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Module 5 Module 5 Module 5 Beaufort County Mighty 8th
Aviation Aviation Safety Aviation Safety Airport (ILT) Review
Safety and and Security and Security Questions Due
Security Discussions Due

29 30 31 1 2 3 4
Module 6 Module 6 Module 6 Module 6 Flightline
Intro Human Factors Human Factors Human Factors and Friday
Human and CRM and CRM CRM
Factors and
CRM

5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Module 6 Module 6 Module 6 Beaufort County Flightline
Human Human Factors Human Factors Airport (ILT) Friday
Factors and and CRM and CRM Review
CRM Discussion Due Questions Due
Management of Aeronautical Science

Learning Objectives – Module 6 (10/30/17 –

11/10/17)
Human Factors and Crew Resource Management
Upon successful completion of this module, you will be able to:

1. Explain the aeromedical factors that are essential features in the lives of aviation
professionals.
2. Classify the principles of the Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) model include DECIDE.
3. Describe human factors design considerations that must be considered in flight deck design.
4. Describe the evolving concepts of Crew Resource Management.
5. Differentiate among the topics that are typically included in current CRM programs.
6. Analyze CRM performance marker clusters for their applicability to different crew situations.
7. Describe the goals associated with Maintenance Resource Management (MRM).
8. Discuss the principles of Dr. James Reason's Swiss Cheese Model.
9. Explain the Sterile Flight Deck or Cockpit rule and why is it important.
10. Discuss human factors design considerations.
 Readings
• Refer to Readings on ERAU Website Mod 6
• FAA AC 120-51E Crew Resource Management
Training
• Pilots Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
– Chapter 17 – Aeromedical Factors
– Chapter 2 – Aeronautical Decision Making
• Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) - Please
review 14 CFR Parts:
– 121 and 135.
• Textbook – Business and Corporate Aviation
Management
– Chapter 6: Operations
6.3a - NTSB Case Study (Part 1)
Wed Nov 8
6.3b - NTSB Case Study (Part 2)
Wed Nov 8
 Module 6 Review Questions
(Due Fri Nov 10)
• Spend quality time responding to the following
questions in your own words.

1. Explain the aeromedical factors that are essential

features in the lives of aviation professionals.
2. Classify the principles of the Aeronautical Decision
Making (ADM) model and DECIDE (Detect, Estimate,
Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate) model .
3. Describe human factors design considerations that
must be considered in flight deck design. What is the
importance of this concept ?
4. What are the evolving concepts of Crew Resource
Management (CRM)?
5. Describe the goals associated with Maintenance
Resource Management (MRM).
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 Term Paper Topics
DUE Friday Dec 8, 2017
Aircraft Manufacturing Management
- Chris Corbett
Fire and Crash Rescue Management
- Trent Thompson
Helicopter Operations Management
- Casey Bradford
Your Final Term Paper must be at least 12 pages and
consist of the following:
A title page
Main text (10 pages)
Reference page (current APA format)
The paper should include some of the headings below as
appropriate:
Introduction
Description of the Company or Agency (Basically what
business are you in)
Operation Description
Equipment or Aircraft
Maintenance Requirements
Manager’s Roles and Responsibilities
Staff Qualifications, Certifications, and Responsibilities
Human Factors
Quality Requirements
Regulations and Laws
Safety
Security
Environmental Responsibilities
Other Management Factors Considered
References (current APA format)
 Management of Aeronautical Science

Assignments Due – Module 6

(10/30/17 – 11/10/17)

• Review Module 6 Instructions for the following assignments:

• Discussion Board Due (NTSB Case Study 1 and 2)

– (Due – Wed Nov 8) – 2 part (Post and Respond)

• Review Questions – Human Factors and CRM

– (Due – Fri Nov 10) – 5 Questions
Questions / Comments
 Human Factors
• Understand the basics of
– Human Factors
– Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)
– Human Factors Design Considerations
– Crew Resource Management (CRM)
– Maintenance Resource Management (MRM)
• In this course, we will make reference to Title # CFR
Part # as # CFR Part #
– Example: 14 CFR Part #

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 Human Factors
• Approximately 80 percent of all aviation
accidents are related to human factors (FAA,
2008, p. 17-2)
• Checklists are tools designed to prevent
human errors
– Preflight checklist
– Takeoff checklists
– Landing checklists
– Engine run checklists (maintenance)

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 Human Factors Consider
• Variables that influence performance in all work
environments
– Personal social and economic issues (mental state, life
events, etc.)
– Management or supervision
– Qualifications and certifications
– Experience, currency, and skill
– Personal fitness
– Team building
– Workload
• Constant evaluation and surveillance
• Optimizing human performance
• Prevent errors

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Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)
• AC 60-22 Aeronautical Decision Making
• Provides information on
– Risk assessment
– Stress management in aviation
– Personal attitudes and decision making
– Systematic approach
• Aeronautical Decision Making model consists of
– Detect
– Estimate
– Choose
– Identity
– Do
– Evaluate
• Remember the acronym “DECIDE”

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Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)
• Consider the following hazardous attitudes
– Anti-authority
• Don't tell me!
– Impulsivity
• Do something-quickly!
– Invulnerability
• It won't happen to me
– Machoism
• I can do it
– Resignation
• What's the use?
– FAA, 2008, p. 17-5

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Human Factors Design Considerations
• Human factors engineering must be integrated into
the design process
• Criteria provided in many specifications and
handbooks
• Using Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer
Aided Engineering (CAE)
• Use of lessons learned from previous designs
• Analysis of previous accidents and incidents to
incorporate into new design
• Ergonomics

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Human Factors Design Considerations
• Boeing addressed human factors with Computer
Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Application
(CATIA) for Boeing 777
– Use of humanoid tools, called CATIA-man
– Software people could be placed in any part of the
aircraft as
• Flight crew
• Maintenance
• Material Handling
• Passengers

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Human Factors Design Considerations
• Must Be Considered In Flight Deck Design
– Key Points
• Operator must have an active role in controlling or
managing the system
• Training is the key
• Must be able to monitor automated systems
• Keep the crew in the decision loop
• Must improve the crew's situational awareness
• Should reduce information overload

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 Human Factor Web Sites
• FAA Human Factors Web Training
– https://www.hf.faa.gov/webtraining/index.htm
– On next page you can view complete course
– Only FAA personnel must log into course
• FAA Human Factors in Maintenance
http://hfskyway.faa.gov

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Questions / Comments
Crew Resource Management (CRM)
• Initially called Cockpit Resource Management.
• Issues were identified by flight deck voice recorders
(incident and accident investigation).
• Enhance pilots skills and interactive training with
other team members.
• Principles are expanding and new concepts are
explored.
• 14 CFR Part 135 and Part 121 covers Crew Resource
Management training.

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Crew Resource Management (CRM)
• Applied to any activity involving a team,
equipment, and a dynamic situation.
• Allows individual to improve teamwork.
• Concentrates on crewmember attitudes and
behaviors.
• Provides an opportunity for individuals to
examine their behaviors.

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 AC 120-51E Crew Resource
Management Training
• Guidelines for developing, implementing, reinforcing,
and CRM training
– Flight crewmembers
– Other personnel essential to flight safety
• Application of crew team management concepts in
decision making.
• Back to basics: Excellent communication, group
decision making, leadership, and task or resource
management.
• Common use of Line Oriented Flight Training schedules
(LOFT) for integration.

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 AC 120-51E Crew Resource
Management Training
• Review Behavioral Markers under each Cluster
– Communications Processes and Decision
Behavior Cluster
• Briefings: safety and security
• Inquiry/Advocacy/Assertion
• Crew self-critique regarding decisions and actions
• Communications and Decisions
• Other considerations
– Conflict resolution
– Interpersonal communication
– External factors and barriers
 AC 120-51E Crew Resource
Management Training
• Review Behavioral Markers under each Cluster
– Team Building and Maintenance Cluster
• Leadership Followership/Concern for Tasks
• Interpersonal Relationships/Group Climate
– Workload Management and Situational
Awareness Cluster
• Preparation/Planning/Vigilance
• Workload Distribution/Distractions Avoided
– (AC 120-51, 2004, Appendix 1, pp. 1-5)
 The Dirty Dozen Leading to
Maintenance Errors
• Identified by a study performed by Transport
Canada
1.Lack of Communication
2.Lack of Teamwork
3.Lack of Assertiveness
4.Complacency
5.Fatigue
6.Stress
7.Lack of Resources
The Dirty Dozen Leading to
Maintenance Errors
8.Lack of Awareness
9.Lack of Knowledge
10. Pressure
11. Distraction
12. Norms
– (Sheehan, 2013, p. 282)
 Maintenance Resource
Management (MRM)
• Developed to address teamwork deficiencies
in aviation maintenance.
• Dirty dozen provided stimulus for training that
was required.
• Problem resolution based on open and honest
communication among all maintenance
stakeholders.
• 14 CFR Part 121 and Part 135 - Maintenance
training program.

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 Maintenance Resource
Management (MRM)
• Stresses teamwork and a philosophy toward
error-free maintenance performance.
• Create a positive safety culture throughout the
organization.
• Goal is to integrate maintenance technical skills,
interpersonal skills, and human factors
knowledge into excellent maintenance
performance.
• Detailed information in AC 120-72 Maintenance
Resource Management Training.

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 Maintenance Resource
Management (MRM)
• Similar to CRM with same themes
– Open communications
• Issue with shift change briefings
– Teamwork
– Situational Awareness
– Paying attention to detail
– Problem solving and troubleshooting
– Safety first (Team based safety behavior)
– Task allocation

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Reason’s Swiss Cheese Model
• Dr. James Reason's Model of Accident
Causation.
• Focus is on understanding incidents and
accidents and their contributing factors.
• Traces the root causes of accidents to higher
management levels.
• Used in all types of accidents.
• If the holes align, the result is an accident.

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Reason’s Swiss Cheese Model

Rodrigues & Cusick. (2012). Commercial Aviation Safety. p. 142

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Questions / Comments