Selected Topics in Inferential Statistics: Janette C. Lagos

SELECTED TOPICS IN INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
Janette C. Lagos
Statistical Hypothesis Testing
Definition 1. Hypothesis
The Hypothesis is an assumption which is tested
to check whether the inference drawn from the
sample of data stand true for the entire
population or not.
Source: https://businessjargons.com/hypothesis-testing-procedure.html
Definition 2. Hypothesis Testing

The Hypothesis Testing is a statistical test used
to determine whether the hypothesis assumed
for the sample of data stands true for the entire
population or not.
Source: https://businessjargons.com/hypothesis-testing-procedure.html
Hypothesis Testing Procedure:

1. State the null hypothesis (Ho)
2. State the alternative hypothesis (Ha)
3. Determine the level of significance
4. Determine the test statistic
5. Determine the critical value or the tabulated
value
Hypothesis Testing Procedure:

6. State the decision rule
7. Compute for the required statistic
8. Make a decision
9. Make conclusion or generalization
T-test for Dependent Means
Design
We use the t-test for dependent means when
we collect data two different times on a single
sample drawn from a population or when two
different people are sampled as a pair because
they are linked in some fashion in the
population.
Assumptions
1. Random sampling from a defined population
2. Interval or ratio scale of measurement
3. Population difference scores are normally
distributed
4. Standard deviation was drawn from the samples
5. Number of observations (n1 + n2) is less than 30
6. Paired observations
7. One set of subjects measured twice
8. Degree of freedom (v) is observed where v=n-1
and n is the number of paired observations
Null and Alternative Hypothesis

Assumptions
Decision Rule
Computational Formula
Example
Using Excel
Using Excel
Using Excel
Using Excel
Using Excel
Using Excel
Using Excel
Using Excel
T-test for Independent Means (Equal Variance is
Assumed)
Design
The t-test for independent means requires that
there is no overlap between the two groups in the
research design. This is what we mean by
"independent means". In this design, we collect
data from two separate samples. We only use the t-
test for independent means when we are studying
two groups. In this test, we compare the observed
difference between the two sample means (M1 -
M2) to the expectation that there is no difference in
the population (m1 - m2 = 0).
Assumed)
Assumptions
 Scores in the populations are normally
distributed
 Standard deviation was drawn from the samples
 Number of observations (n1+n2) is less than 30
 Two sets of independent sample observations
 Degree of freedom (v) is observed where
 Equality of variance
Assumed)
Decision Rule
Assumed)
Assumed)
Example
Assumed)
Using Excel
Assumed)
Using Excel
Assumed)
Using Excel
Assumed)
Using Excel
Assumed)
Using Excel
Assumed)
Using Excel
T-test for Independent Means (Unequal Variance is
Assumed)
Design
Similar to that of Test for independent mean
(equal variance is assumed)
Assumed)
Assumptions
 Scores in the populations are normally
distributed
 Standard deviation was drawn from the samples
 Number of observations (n1+n2) is less than 30
 Two sets of independent sample observations
 Degree of freedom (v) is observed where
 Inequality of variance
Assumed)
Decision Rule
Assumed)
Assumed)
Example
Assumed)
Using Excel
Assumed)
Using Excel
Assumed)
Using Excel
Assumed)
Using Excel
Assumed)
Using Excel
Assumed)
Using Excel
One Way ANOVA
Design
One Way ANOVA is used to test several means
(several here means more than 2 sets of means)
One Way ANOVA
Assumptions
 The population distribution of each group is

normal
 The population standard deviations of each
group are equal.
One Way ANOVA
Decision Rule
One Way ANOVA
One Way ANOVA
Example
One Way ANOVA
Using Excel
One Way ANOVA
Using Excel
One Way ANOVA
Using Excel
One Way ANOVA
Using Excel
One Way ANOVA
Using Excel
Chi Square Test
Design
Any statistical test that uses the chi square
distribution can be called chi square test. Chi-
square test is conducted a statistical test to
investigate difference, and it is denoted by χ2. The
chi-square test measures the difference between a
statistically generated expected result and an actual
result to see if there is a statistically significant
difference between them. It measure the goodness
of fit between an expected and an actual result.
Chi Square Test
Assumptions
 Two Categorical variables are considered in
one population
 Population distribution is not normal
Chi Square Test
Decision Rule
Chi Square Test
Chi Square Test
Example
Chi Square Test
Example
Chi Square Test
Example
Pearson r Moment Product Correlation Coefficient
Design
The Pearson product-moment correlation
coefficient (or Pearson correlation coefficient, for
short) is a measure of the strength of a linear
association between two variables and is denoted
by r. Basically, a Pearson product-moment
correlation attempts to draw a line of best fit
through the data of two variables, and the Pearson
correlation coefficient, r, indicates how far away all
these data points are to this line of best fit (how
well the data points fit this new model/line of best
fit).
Assumptions
 The variables must be either interval or ratio
measurements
 The variables must be approximately normally
distributed
 There is a linear relationship between the two
variables.
 Outliers are either kept to a minimum or are
removed entirely.
 There is homoscedasticity of the data.
Homoscedasticity basically means that the

variances along the line of best fit remain similar
as you move along the line. It is required that
your data show homoscedasticity for you to run
a Pearson product-moment correlation.
Interpretation of r
Coefficient of Determination
The coefficient of determination, with respect to
correlation, is the proportion of the variance
that is shared by both variables. It gives a
measure of the amount of variation that can be
explained by the model
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Significance of the relationship
THANK YOU

Selected Topics in Inferential Statistics: Janette C. Lagos

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SELECTED TOPICS IN INFERENTIAL

Definition 2. Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis Testing Procedure:

Hypothesis Testing Procedure:

Null and Alternative Hypothesis

 The population distribution of each group is

Homoscedasticity basically means that the

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