PUCMINAS

IEC
FONÉTICA E FONOLOGIA

PROFA. VALQUIRIA C.P.S. CARVALHO

Phonetics vs. phonology
 Phonetics deals with the production of speech sounds
by humans.
 Phonology is about patterns of sounds, especially
different patterns of sounds in different languages, or
within each language, different patterns of sounds in
different positions in words, etc.
Phonology as grammar of phonetic patterns
 The consonant cluster /st/ occurs in the beginning,
middle or end of words in English.
 At beginnings of words, /str/ occurs in English,
but /ftr/ or /ʃtr/ do not (they are ungrammatical).
 /ʃtr/ can be found in the middle of words, as in
"ashtray".
 /ʃtr/ can be found at the beginning of words in
German, and /ftr/ occurs word-initially in Russian,
but not in English or German.
A given sound can have a different function or status
in the sound patterns of different languages
 the glottal stop ʔ occurs in both English and Arabic BUT
...
 In English, at the beginning of a word, /ʔ/ is just a way of
beginning vowels, and does not occur with consonants. In
the middle or at the end of a word, ʔ is one possible
pronunciation of /t/ in e.g. "pat" [paʔ].
 In Arabic, / ʔ/ is a consonant sound like any other. e.g.
bag-o [ba ɡʔo] 'new'
Phonemes and allophones: sounds and their
variants
The different variants are dependent on the different
contexts in which they occur.
 keep /ki:p/ -The place of articulation is fronter in the
mouth[k ]+
h

 seek /si:k/ - There is less aspiration than in initial

position [k`]
 scoop /sku:p/ - There is no aspiration after /s/[k]
Variants between speakers and dialects.
 "toad" may be pronounced [t əʊ d] in high-register RP,
[to ʊ d] or [to d] in the North.
All of them are different pronunciations of the same
sequence of phonemes. But these differences can lead
to confusion: [to ʊ d] is "toad" in one dialect, but may
be "told" in another.
THE

SOUNDS OF ENGLISH
26 letters of the alphabet
 26 letters of the alphabet.
 44 different sounds in English (phonemes)
 44 different sounds in English (phonemes)
 ‘International Phonemic Alphabet'
 ‘International Phonemic Alphabet'
 Phonemic
 Phonemic transcriptions
transcriptions are written
are written betweenbetween
slashes, /
/slashes, / /
 The
 Thenumber
number of of letters
letters doesn't
doesn't necessarily
necessarily correspond
to the numberto
correspond of the
sounds, or phonemes
number of sounds, or
phonemes
Writing with phonemes
 Pronunciation of the word ´pet´ :
/pet/
 Using phonemic symbols, we can see exactly
how many sounds a word has.
 CAT is transcribed - /kæt/
CATCH is transcribed - /kætʃ/
 In 'CATCH' the three letters TCH = one sound
represented by one phonemic symbol /tʃ/
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/multimedia/pron/schwa/index.shtml

 www.fonetiks.org/engsou4am.html

 http://www.e-lang.co.uk/mackichan/call/pron/type.html

 http://speech.japplis.com/
III – POINT OF ARTICULATION AND MANNER OF
ARTICULATION
 Point of articulation = where

 Manner of articulation = how

PRESENT-DAY ENGLISH CONSONANTS

Point of Articulation

Manner of Articulation Bilabial Labiodental Interdental Alveolar Alveopalatal Velar

Stops Voiceless /p/ . . /t/ . /k/

Voiced /b/ /d/ /g/

Affricates Voiceless . . . . /t∫/ .

Voiced /dʒ /
Fricatives Voiceless . /f/ /q/ /s/ /∫/ /h/
Voiced /v/ /ð/ /z/ / ʒ/

Nasals /m/ . . /n/ . /h/

Lateral . . . /l/ . .

Retroflex
. . . /r/ . .

/w/ . . . /j/ .
Semivowels
CONSONANTS: BILABIALS

1. /p/ (the phoneme spelled p in pat): voiceless bilabial stop.

2. /b/ (the phoneme spelled b in bat): voiced bilabial stop.
3. /m/ (the phoneme spelled m in mail): (voiced) bilabial nasal.
4. /w/ (the phoneme spelled w in wet): (voiced) bilabial semivowel.
Fonologia de Língua Inglesa II - Profa.
Valquiria C.P.S.Carvalho
CONSONANTS: INTERDENTALS

1. /Θ/ (the phoneme spelled th in think): voiceless interdental fricative.

2. /ð/ (the phoneme spelled th in this): voiced interdental fricative.

Fonologia de Língua Inglesa II - Profa.

Valquiria C.P.S.Carvalho
CONSONANTS: ALVEOLARS

1. /t/ (the phoneme spelled t in tot): voiceless alveolar stop.

2. /d/ (the phoneme spelled d in dot): voiced alveolar stop.
3. /s/ (the phoneme spelled s in sue): voiceless alveolar fricative.
4. /z/ (the phoneme spelled z in zoo): voiced alveolar fricative.
5. /n/ (the phoneme spelled n in nail): (voiced) alveolar nasal.
6. /l/ (the phoneme spelled l in let): (voiced) alveolar lateral.
7. /r/ (the phoneme spelled r in root): (voiced) alveolar retroflex

Fonologia de Língua Inglesa II - Profa.

Valquiria C.P.S.Carvalho
CONSONANTS: ALVEOPALATALS

 1. /t∫// (the phoneme spelled ch in chip): voiceless alveopalatal affricate.

2. /dЗ/ (the phoneme spelled g in gym): voiced alveopalatal affricate.
3. /∫/ (the phoneme spelled sh in shore): voiceless alveopalatal fricative.
4. /З/ (the phoneme spelled z in measure): voiced alveopalatal fricative.
5. /j/ (the phoneme spelled y in yard): (voiced) alveopalatal semivowel.

Fonologia de Língua Inglesa II - Profa.

Valquiria C.P.S.Carvalho
CONSONANTS: VELARS

1. /k/ (the phoneme spelled c in cap): voiceless velar stop.

2. /g/ (the phoneme spelled g in gap): voiced velar stop.
3. /h/ (the phoneme spelled h in hot): voiceless velar fricative (in vicinity of back vowel).
4. /ŋ/ (the phoneme spelled ng in sing): (voiced) velar nasal.
5. /w/ (the phoneme spelled w in wet): (voiced) velar (and bilabial) semivowel.

Fonologia de Língua Inglesa II - Profa.

Valquiria C.P.S.Carvalho
CONSONANTS: STOPS

 1. /p/ (the phoneme spelled p in pat): voiceless bilabial stop.

2. /b/ (the phoneme spelled b in bat): voiced bilabial stop.
3. /t/ (the phoneme spelled t in tell): voiceless alveolar stop.
4. /d/ (the phoneme spelled d in dot): voiced alveolar stop.
5. /k/ (the phoneme spelled c in cap): voiceless velar stop.
6. /g/ (the phoneme spelled g in gap): voiced velar stop.

Fonologia de Língua Inglesa II - Profa.

Valquiria C.P.S.Carvalho
CONSONANTS: LABIODENTALS

1. /f/ (the phoneme spelled f in fine): voiceless labiodental fricative.

2. /v/ (the phoneme spelled v in vine): voiced labiodental fricative.

Fonologia de Língua Inglesa II - Profa.

Valquiria C.P.S.Carvalho
CONSONANTS: AFFRICATES

 1. /t∫/ (the phoneme spelled ch in chip): voiceless alveopalatal affricate.

2. /dЗ/ (the phoneme spelled g in gym): voiced alveopalatal affricate

Fonologia de Língua Inglesa II - Profa.

Valquiria C.P.S.Carvalho
CONSONANTS: FRICATIVES

 1. /f/ (the phoneme spelled f in fine): voiceless labiodental fricative.

2. /v/ (the phoneme spelled v in vine): voiced labiodental fricative.
3. /Θ/ (the phoneme spelled th in think): voiceless interdental fricative.
4. /ð/ (the phoneme spelled th in this): voiced interdental fricative.
5. /s/ (the phoneme spelled s in sue): voiceless alveolar fricative.
6. /z/ (the phoneme spelled z in zoo): voiced alveolar fricative.
7. /∫/ (the phoneme spelled sh in shore): voiceless alveopalatal fricative.
8. /З/ (the phoneme spelled z in measure): voiced alveopalatal fricative.
9. /h/ (the phoneme spelled h in hot): voiceless fricative, produced at various points depending upon the
vowels in the vicinity. For example, in hot, /h/ is velar, whereas in heat, /h/ is alveopalatal.

Fonologia de Língua Inglesa II - Profa.

Valquiria C.P.S.Carvalho
CONSONANTS: NASALS

1. /m/ (the phoneme spelled m in mail): (voiced) bilabial nasal.

2. /n/ (the phoneme spelled n in nail): (voiced) alveolar nasal.
3. /ŋ/ (the phoneme spelled ng in sing): (voiced) velar nasal.

Fonologia de Língua Inglesa II - Profa.

Valquiria C.P.S.Carvalho
CONSONANTS: LATERAL

1. /l/ (the phoneme spelled l in let): (voiced) alveolar lateral.

Fonologia de Língua Inglesa II - Profa.

Valquiria C.P.S.Carvalho
CONSONANTS: RETROFLEX

1. /r/ (the phoneme spelled r in root): (voiced) alveolar retroflex.

Fonologia de Língua Inglesa II - Profa.

Valquiria C.P.S.Carvalho
CONSONANTS: SEMIVOWELS

1. /w/ (the phoneme spelled w in wet): (voiced) bilabial velar semivowel. (This
phoneme is bilabial because it requires rounding of both lips; it is velar because
the back of the tongue rises toward the velum when the phoneme is articulated.)
2. /j/ (the phoneme spelled y in yard): (voiced) alveopalatal semivowel.

Fonologia de Língua Inglesa II - Profa.

Valquiria C.P.S.Carvalho
Difference
/θ/
between /θ/ and /ð/14.2-t.61
/ð/
Why? Sounds are influenced by their environments
Function: to promote regularity of rhythm
LINKING

Connecting the final sound of one word with the

initial sound of the next
It depends on:
- Informality of the situation
- Rate of speaking
- Individual speech profile
LINKING WITH A Y-GLIDE
One word / syllable ends in a tense vowel or diphthong
and the next word begins with a vowel.
e.g./iy/ + vowel = be+y+able
/ey/ + vowel = say+y+it
/ay/ + vowel = my+y+own
/oy/ + vowel = toy+y+airplane
Exercises 6.2-t.26,6.3
Final consonant + Beginning vowel = new
syllable
 e.g. Dog+eat+dog
pink+and+blue
Exercises 1.3-t.3, 2.3-t.8, 8.2-t.35, 8.3
LINKING R – New England, NYC, England
 Add a linking /r/ to vowel + vowel sequences
 e.g. Spa+r+owners
 vanilla+r+ice-cream
 saw+r+Ann
LINKING WITH A W-GLIDE
 /u:/ + vowel = blue+w+ink
 /əʊ/ + vowel = know+w+art
 /aʊ/ + vowel = how+w+is it
Exercise 7.2 – t.30
Listen
Hello, everybody!
How much do you know about those new ideas?
I´d like to answer that question before I go on.
You´ll have to emphasize two of those points
Vowel to vowel linking -.
 when certain vowels come next to each other an extra
sound is added to make the link smooth.
RESYLLABIFICATION

 A word / syllable ending in a consonant cluster (two

consonants together) and followed by a vowel, the
final consonant is pronounced as if it belonged to the
next syllable
e.g. Left+arm
adap+table
Two identical consonants in juxtaposition
 Elongate the consonant and pronounce it as one.
 e.g. Stop pushing = stop:ushing
 short time = short:ime
 big gap = big:ap
 classroom management = classroom:anagement
Linking 'r'

 In standard British English (RP) the letter 'r' after a

vowel sound at the end of word is often not
pronounced. However, when the following word
begins with a vowel the /r/ sound is pronounced to
make a smooth link.
Stop consonant followed by stop /
affricate
 Stops / p,b,k,g,t,d /
 Affricates /t∫, dʒ /
 e.g. Pet+cat
good+jury
big+dipper
big+church
Exercise 3.2-t.13, 3.3-t.13
ASSIMILATION
 One sound takes characteristics of a neighboring (
conditioning ) sound.
 It does not mean bad articulation or non-standard
speech pattern
 It occurs within a word and between words
Progressive ( perseverative )
 The conditioning sound precedes the following sound.
e.g. Final plural pronunciation
Bags, s = /z/
Backs, s=/s/
Final “ed” for simple past
Talked, ed=/t/
lived, ed=/d/
Exercises 2.1-t.7, 2.2
Regressive ( Anticipatory )
 The assimilated sound precedes and is affected by the
conditioning sound.
e.g. Grandpa, nd=/m/
pancake, n=/ŋ/
have to, ve+to=[hǽft∂]
has to = [hǽst∂]
used to = [just∂]
Exercise 5.3-t.22
Coalescent Assimilation
Sound a + sound b = sound c
Final alveolar consonants /s,z/; /t,d/;/t∫,dʒ /, followed by
palatal /j/, become palatalized fricatives /f,v,Θ, ð,s,z,∫,
3,h/ and affricates /t∫,dʒ /, respectively.
e.g. /s/+/j/=/∫/ issue, this+year
/z/+/j/=/ʒ / pleasure /d/+/j/=/dʒ / did+you
/t/+/j/=/t∫/ suit+you /dz/+/j/=/dʒ / needs+you
/s/ + /∫/ = /∫:/
/z/ + /∫/ = /∫:/
e.g. Horse + shoe
his + shirt
A final stop consonant /t/ or /d/ may assimilate to a
following initial stop /p,k/ or /b, g/, changing the place
of articulation but maintaining the voicing quality.
e.g. Good+boy=gooboy
pet+kitten=pekitten
In = unmarked negative prefix
 In+vowels/f/d/t
e.g. Inoperative / inflexible / indifferent / inexcusable /
intangible
 Im+bilabials /m,p,b/
e.g. Impossible / imbalance / immeasurable / immortal
/ impartial
 Il+liquid /l/, e.g.illogical / illegal
 Ir+liquid /r/, e.g. Irresponsible / irrelevant
DISSIMILATION

It occurs when adjacent sounds become more different

from each other.
A sequence of 3 fricatives is broken by replacing the
second one with a stop
e.g. Fifths [fifθs] = [fifts]
/fθs/=sequence of 3 fricatives
/fts/ = one stop /t/ between the two fricatives
DELETION OR OMISSION

Sounds disppear or are not well articulated in some

contexts
e.g isn’t ( “o” in “not”is deleted )
Loss of /t/ when /nt/ is between two vowels or a
syllabic /ℓ/
winter=winer,
toronto=torono,enter=ener,mantle=manel
Loss of /t/ or /d/ when they are second in a cluster of 3
consonants.
e.g. Restless=resless, exactly=exacly,hands=hans
Deletion of word final /t/ or /d/
It occurs in clusters of 2 consonants at a word
boundary when the next word begins with a
consonant.
East+ side= easide, blind+man=bliman
Loss of unstressed medial vowel (syncope) where /I,∂/ is
dropped in multusyllabic words following the strongly
stressed syllable. e.g. Chocolate=choclat [t∫‫כ‬kl∂t]
Every=evry, evening=evning, camera=camra
Aphesis = Loss of unstressed vowel or syllable in
highly informal speech
e.g. Because=‘cause, about=‘bout
Loss of first noninitial /r/ in a word that has another /r/.
e.g.February=Febuary, governor=govenor,
surprise=suprise
Loss of final /v/ in “of”>reduction to schwa/∂/
Before words with initial consonants
e.g.lots of money=lots∂money, waste of
time=waste∂time
Loss of initial /h/ and /ð/ in pronominal forms in
connected speech
e.g. Ask+her=asker, help+him=helpim
tell+them=tellem
EPENTHESIS

Insertion of a vowel or consonant within an existing

string of segments.
e.g. Place+s=places [pleis∂z]
buzz+s=buzzes [bΛz∂z]
plant+ed=planted [plǽnt∂d]
hand+ed=handed [hǽnd∂d]