CTR

Adenocarcinoma of Lungs
 Air Bronchogram
Air bronchogram refers to the phenomenon of air-filled bronchi (dark) being made visible by the opacification of
surrounding alveoli (grey/white). It is almost always caused by a pathologic airspace/alveolar process, in which
something other than air fills the alveoli. Air bronchograms will not be visible if the bronchi themselves are
opacified (e.g. by fluid) and thus indicate patent proximal airways.
Air bronchograms can be seen with several processes:
pulmonary consolidation
pulmonary oedema: especially with alveolar oedema 3
non-obstructive atelectasis
severe interstitial lung disease
neoplasms: bronchioloalveolar carcinoma; pulmonary lymphoma
pulmonary infarct
pulmonary haemorrhage
normal expiration
Air Bronchogram
Bronchopneumonia
Bronchopneumonia is characterised by
multiple small nodular or reticulonodular
opacities which tend to be patchy and/or
confluent. This represents areas of the lung
where there are patches of inflammation
separated by normal lung parenchyma. 2.
The distribution is often bilateral and
asymmetric and predominantly involves the
lung bases 8.
Chylothorax
Flail Chest
Lung Lobes Collapse
Hydropneumothorax
Pneumothorax
Edem Pulmo
The chest radiograph still remains the most practical and useful method of radiologically assessing and quantifying
pulmonary oedema 3-4.
Features useful for broadly assessing pulmonary oedema on a plain chest radiograph include:
upper lobe pulmonary venous diversion / pulmonary venous engorgement / stag's antler sign
increased cardio-thoracic ratio / cardiac silhouette size: useful for assessing for an underlying cardiogenic cause or
association
features of pulmonary interstitial oedema:
◦ peri-bronchial cuffing and perihilar haze
◦ septal lines / Kerley lines
◦ thickening of interlobar fissures

features of pulmonary alveolar oedema:

◦ air space opacification classically in a bat wing distribution
◦ may have air bronchograms

pleural effusions and fluid in interlobar fissures (including 'vanishing' pulmonary pseudotumour)
Tuberculosis
Lung Abscess
Ebstein Anomaly
Coarctatio of aorta
Tetrology of Fallot
TAPVR