002 ATAC Sand Control Day 1 Introduction

Document : ATAC-SP2-S1-2012
Overview and introduction

to Sand Control
Carlos Iver Saravia Vidal

Venezuela PE Sales Lead
Latin America Sand Control Support
September 2012
Villa Hermosa, Mexico
© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Document : ATAC-SP2-S1-2012 - Confidential HALLIBURTON use only.
AGENDA
 Basics for Sand Control/Fines Migrations & Completions

– Best Practices, perforating, filtrations, fluid loss control.
 Sand Control/Fines Migrations Solutions

– Mechanical
– Chemical
– Combination
 Sand Control Tools/Screens
 Water Control with Sand Control
 Scales, crude oils, gas&condensates reservoirs.
© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 2

Document : ATAC-SP2-S1-2012 - Confidential HALLIBURTON use only.
Basics for Sand Control & Completions
Sand Control and Completions for Heavy Oil

Modern Well Construction & Completion Practices

What causes sand production/fines migration?
 Totally or weakly unconsolidated formations

 Viscosity of the fluids in place
 Improper well completion
 Acid stimulation / Completion fluids / Cement
 High/Inadequate Production Rates (oil, gas, water)
 Inadequate Injections rates
 Mature reservoirs

What are the consequences of
sand production?
 Wellbore fill
 Equipment problems due to sand fill
 Sand erosion of downhole equipment
 Sand accumulation on surface
 Erosion of surface equipment
 Production Loss
 Casing / Liner Collapse
 Sand Disposal
– Environmental Concerns
 Facility downtime

Detecting sand production
 Software (QuikLook)
 Drilling (cores)
 Logging
 Testing (TCP/DST)
 Erosion of Equipment
 Acoustic Detectors
 Sand Traps
 Desanders
 Experience in the area
 Offset well production
data
Fluenta Acoustic Sand Detector
Your expectations at the end of the week
 Just to look SA and XRD you will be able to:

– Recognize type of reservoir
– Determine possible issues:
• Sand production and/or fines migrations
– Suggest a type of completion to your customer
 What did you think about these reservoirs?

Topics
 How control sand production
– Mechanics Techniques
– FracPack, Extension Pack, High Rate/Gravel Pack and
Stand Alone Completions.
– Carrier Fluids
» X Linked,Filtered Brine, HEC gums, RPM fluids, oil
base.
– Sand / Gravel
» Natural and man made
– Chemical consolidation: Resins
– Resin-coated sand

Field Example….Ultra High K reservoirs & heavy oil….Basic Data of reservoirs SURINAME.-
Guyana basin. Calcuta and Tambaredjo fields.

10/30 acres spacing
T Sand 3-45 ft thick
From 275/400 mts
BHST 98F, BHSP 400 to 600 psi.
Ws 39%, Porosity 25%, K of 0,5 to 40 D and 17API. Produce by PCP/ESP.
Tambaredjo, Paelocene reservoir, 95% quarz <5% feldspar.
Concerns: shallow gas, sand fills, fluid losses and clays.

 5,5” or 7” Cemented casing , 12-1/4” open hole,
gravel pack Screen 2-3/8” 20/40 sand.

Best Practices before Sand Control
Perforating for Sand Control Completions

Fluids and Filtration

Perforating for Sand Control Completions
 This force crushes and compacts
the reservoir rock.
 Underbalance Perforate
 Overbalance
 Big Hole/Deep Penetration
combination - Low Debris
 Diameter - 0.5” - 0.9”
 Penetration - 6” -40”
 Shots per foot - 8 to 14
 WEM design

Perforation alternatives
 ByPass deep skin

 Charges + Propellant
 Extreme Overbalanced
Perforating
– STIMGUN
• Solid Rocket Propellant
Sleeve
– STIMTUBE
• Shaped Propellant
• Existing Perforations

Completions Fluids & Filtration
•Formation damage due completions fluids:
•Particle plugging
•Fluid incompatibility
•Emulsion blockage
•Clay swelling and migration
•Best Practices FOR Sand Control

•Filtrate brine
•Compatibility of Completion fluid with reservoir
•Compatibility of Completion fluid with fluids

Damage Mechanism – Emulsion Blockage
Particularly at risk where interfaces occur in the formation leading to
emulsion formation in the pore throats and severe plugging
Completion Fluid Emulsion Oil

Clay Swelling
Fluid Flow
Direction
In Situ Clay
Particles
Swelling
Clays

Clay Migration
Migration
FLUID FLOW
DIRECTION
In Situ Clay
Particles
Migrating Clay
Particles

Fluid Filtration
 Filtration
– Cartridge Filters
– Plate and Frame
– Vertical Pressure Leaf

Sand Control / Fines Migrations
Solutions

Sand Control/Fines Migrations Solutions for heavy oil
 Frac Pack
 Gravel Pack in cased hole
 Gravel Pack in open hole
 Stand Alone Completions
 Chemical sand consolidations in situ
– Chemical Water control available

FRACPACK, Hidraulic Frac + Proppant and Screens
•For low K zones, improve productions, bypass high/deep skins, sand control.
•High cost due multiple equipments, additives and logistics.
•Generally offshore and deep wells (>2000 mts)
Proppant as primary sand control

And conductivity enhacer
Frac Conductivity Width
Screen as secondary
sand control

High-Rate Water Packs
 Use gelled water pumped at high rates to place sand

into the perforation tunnels and small created
fractures.
– These treatments can also be conducted at
fracturing rates to create and pack small fractures.
– Improve production
– Medium K zones
– ByPass medium skin

Frac Pack vs. High Rate Water Pack
Frac Pack High-Rate

Water Pack
Propped Fracture
Damaged or fluid invaded region

Gravel Pack…..the oldest
tech….applies now? Where, when?
Screen
Unconsolidated
Formation
Material
Proppant
Flow
Invaded
Gravel
Pack Sand
Cement
Casing Formation

Steps to perform a optimum design
 Sizing the sand of formation

 Formation Sand
– Sample is run through a series
of sieves
– Amount remaining on each
sieve is plotted as a function of
cumulative weight % versus
grain diameter
 FINES!!! Perform a RX to
know mineralogy.
– For acid stimulations or brine
design.

Sieve Analysis Plot conventional…now ESM
Very Very Silt and
Coarse Coarse Medium Fine Fine Finer
100
• Various points are determined
 D50, D10, D40, D90 90
• These points can then be used 80

to determine the gravel sized
Cumulative Percentage
needed to retain a formation 70
sand.
60
50
40
30
20
10 2.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 .08 .06 .04 .03
Sieve Opening, mm
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 140 200 325

U.S. Sieve No.

API-RP-58
Gravel Pack Sand
 Sampling
 Size Specifications
 Percent Under/Over Size
 Percent Fines
 Sphericity And Roundness
 Solubility
 Turbidity
 Mineralogical Analysis

API - RP-60
Testing High-Strength Proppants Used in Hydraulic
Fracturing Operations
 Proppant Sampling
 Samples Handling, Storage and Retention
 Sieve Analysis of Proppant Samples
 Average Particle Sphericity
 Roundness
 Proppant Crush Resistance
 Density of Proppant Materials

Sorting Coefficient Uniformity Coefficient % Fines Recommended Method
D10/d95 D40/d90 <44µm
WWS / Prepack /
PoroMax® / PetroGuard™
< 10 <3 <2
Mesh / PetroGuard™
Wrap
PoroMax / PetroGuard
< 10 <5 <5
Mesh
Gravel pack, PoroFlex®, or

PetroGuard™ Advanced
< 20 <5 <5 Mesh (formation should
have few streaks or
laminations)
Gravel pack (consider

< 20 <5 < 10
allowing fines to pass)
Frac pack (move interface

> 20 >5 > 10
away from wellbore)

Gravel Sizing
 Gravel Sizing - Gravel Pack

– Coberly
– Tausch & Corley
– Saucier 5-6 x D50
 Screen Only Completions
– Coberly
– Sparlin - D10
 FracPack
– 7-10 x D50
– One size larger than Saucier’s Criteria
 Expandable Screens….how to compete?

Proppant and Screen design

GRAVEL PACK….
 Cased/Open hole
 Vertical/deviated/horizontal
 Place Proppant to fill perforations tunnel and annular
with Screen
 Use filtered brine compatible with reservoir and heavy oil
– Clay stabilizer
– Anti emulsion additives
– Additives for parafins/asphaltenes depositions
 Use Filtered brine/RPM fluid as proppant carrier
– RPM (Relative Permeability Modifier), good viscosity, functions
as fluid loss additive during gravel packing NO damage (liquid
gel!!!!).
– HEC gum, minimum residual solid when broke

API-RP-58 Gravel Pack Sand/Proppant
 Natural Sand
– Shallow wells, low BHST/BHST
– Relative Sphericity And Roundness
– High Percent Fines
 Man Made
– Ceramics
• Low density
• Excellent Sphericity And Roundness
• More expensive than others
– Sintered
• High BHST/BHSP
• Too heavy and expensive for gravel Pack

What methods are available
for modeling the treatment?
•Wave
•STIM2001
•QuikLook
•Jaycor
•HzGPSim
•WEM

Screen Only Completions
 Typically used in open hole completions rather than

cased hole completions
 Importance of clay content in the formation
 Importance of reservoir homogeneity
 Open Hole
 Homogeneous sand reservoir

Questions / Comments?


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Document : ATAC-SP2-S1-2012

Overview and introduction

Carlos Iver Saravia Vidal

 Basics for Sand Control/Fines Migrations & Completions

 Sand Control/Fines Migrations Solutions

 Sand Control Tools/Screens

 Water Control with Sand Control

 Scales, crude oils, gas&condensates reservoirs.

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 2

Sand Control and Completions for Heavy Oil

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 3

 Totally or weakly unconsolidated formations

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 4

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 5

 Just to look SA and XRD you will be able to:

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 7

– Chemical consolidation: Resins

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 8

Guyana basin. Calcuta and Tambaredjo fields.

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 9

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 10

Perforating for Sand Control Completions

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 11

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 12

 ByPass deep skin

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 13

•Best Practices FOR Sand Control

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 14

Completion Fluid Emulsion Oil

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 15

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 16

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 17

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 18

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 19

 Gravel Pack in cased hole

 Gravel Pack in open hole

 Stand Alone Completions

 Chemical sand consolidations in situ

– Chemical Water control available

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 21

Proppant as primary sand control

Frac Conductivity Width

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 22

 Use gelled water pumped at high rates to place sand

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 23

Frac Pack High-Rate

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 24

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 25

 Sizing the sand of formation

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 26

• These points can then be used 80

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 140 200 325

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© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 28

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 29

Gravel pack, PoroFlex®, or

Gravel pack (consider

Frac pack (move interface

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 30

 Gravel Sizing - Gravel Pack

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 31

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 32

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 33

© 2011 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 34