AC Motor Operation

1
 AC Motor Operation

• Construction
– Stator Construction
– Rotor Construction
– Fins and Shaft
– Bearings and End Shields
– Frame
• Rotating Magnetic Field
• Three Phase Power Operation

2
 Stator

• The stator is the stationary

electrical component in AC motor.

3
 Stator

• Stator is a hollow cylinder

consisting of a group of
individual electromagnets
arranged so that one pole of
each magnet faces toward the
center of the group

4
 Stator

• In a typical three-phase AC
motor, the electro-magnetic
windings consists of formed
coils of wire connected so that
there are three single-phase
windings evenly spaced around
the cylinder.

5
 Rotor

• The rotor is the rotating

electrical component in AC
motor and is mounted to the
motor shaft.

6
 Rotor

• Rotor consists of a group of

elector-magnets arranged
around a cylinder with the poles
facing toward the stator poles

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 Rotor

• Structurally, the rotor is an

assembly made up of a
laminated steel core contained
by conductor bars and end
rings. The conductor bars and
end rings are normally
aluminum

8
 Fins and Shaft

• The shaft supports the rotor and

provides the means to connect
the motor to whatever
equipment it is to drive. It is
normally made of high strength
steel.

9
 Fins and Shaft

• Often, fins are cast on both end

rings and function as fans to
circulate air and help cool the
motor during operation

10
 Bearings and End Shields

• The bearings that support the

motor shaft are either sleeve
bearings or ball bearings

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 Bearings and End Shields

• The end shields complete the

motor enclosure, one on each
end. They also provide the
means to mount the shaft
bearings

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 Frame

• The motor frame is normally

made of cast iron or rolled steel
and provides the basic
foundation for most of the other
components

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 Three Phase Power Operation

• Therefore, a complete cycle is

said to have 360 electrical
degrees. According to the
drawing, each phase is
displaced 120 degrees from the
other two phases

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 Induction motor ‘s rotor

• All of the bars are connected at

each end of the rotor to form a
closed circuit for current flow.
Although the rotor bars are in
direct contact with the steel
laminations. Their resistance is
much lower. As a result.
Practically all rotor current flows
in the bars. Not in the
laminations

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 Induced Voltage

• To create current flow in the

rotor. There must be a voltage
present in the rotor bars. This
voltage is supplied by the
magnetic field created by stator
poles A1 and A2.
• As the stator magnetic field
begins to rotate. The relative
motion between field (stator)
and conductor (rotor) induces a
voltage in the rotor bars

16
Types of AC Motors

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 Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

• Squirrel cage induction motor is

the most common industrial AC
motor due to
– its relatively small size when
compared with other motor
– good speed regulation
under varying load
conditions
– minimum maintenance

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 Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

• Squirrel cage induction motor

requires minimum maintenance :-
– The rotor has no winding to
become shorted.
– There is no commutator or
slip rings to service.
– There is no brushed to
replace

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 Wound Rotor Motors
• To provide variable speed operation
long before the invention of variable
frequency drives
• Stator is similar to squirrel cage motor
• Rotor of three phase coils connects to
the slip rings.
• Torque can be raised by increasing
the resistance of the rotor circuit.
• Feature is high starting torque with low
starting current
• Heavy loads can accelerated slowly
and smoothly

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 Wound Rotor Motor

• Permits Adjustment of
Starting Torque, Slip, 30% W
10% W 2% W
Inrush and Efficiency
300
% Rated

• Rotor connections should Torque 200

be jumped out when
powered from a drive 100

% Speed

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 Synchronous Motors

• No Slip
• Load will not change speed
• Low brake-down torque 140%
300

Max. 200
%
• High starting current required. Rated
100
Torque

% Speed

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 Synchronous Motors

• Brush-Type Synchronous
Motors
– The rotor contains laminated
poles that carry the D.C.
field coils that are
terminated at the slip rings.
– It also has a squirrel cage
winding which is made up of
bars embedded in the pole
faces and shorted by end
rings

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Characteristic of AC Motors

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 Synchronous VS. Induction Motor

• In the AC synchronous motor.

The rotor poles are wound with
coils. Just as the stator poles.
And supplied with DC power to
create fixed polarity poles
• Unlike the AC synchronous
motor. The AC induction rotor is
not made up of iron cores
wound with wire coils. Instead.
It is a collection of aluminum (or
copper) bars that function as
conductors

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 Synchronous Vs. Induction Motor

• As a result. Current flows

causing a magnetic field around
each rotor bar as shown here.
The rotor is attracted to the
stator and begins following in
the same direction.
• In order to sustain the current
flow in the rotor. The rotating
magnetic field must cut across
the rotor conductors continually

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 Slip of Induction Motor

• This means the rotor must

always lag a little behind the
stator ‘s rotating magnetic field .
Rotating at a slower speed. The
difference in speed is called “
slip”

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 Synchronous Speed

• Speed performance is
measured in terms of percent
slip. The synchronous speed of
the rotating field of the stator is
used as a reference point.
• If the induction motor were to
run at synchronous speed. No
lines of flux would be cut. No
circulating current would be
induced in the rotor. And no
rotor flux would be created. As
a result. No torque would be
developed. In other words. No
slip. No torque
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 Synchronous Speed

• The motor must therefore turn

at a speed slightly slower than
the synchronous speed. The
difference between the
synchronous speed (the speed
of the rotating magnetic field )
and the actual speed is called
the slip speed

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 Slip of Induction Motor

• In other words. Slip is the

number of revolutions per
minute that the rotor slips
behind the rotating field of the
stator. This slip can also be
expressed as a percent of
synchronous speed

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 Slip of Induction Motor

• For a squirrel-cage induction

motor. The speed performance
of the motor improves as slip
speed decreases. The average
range of slip speed for squirrel-
cage induction motors is 2% to
6% or one or two revolutions
per second

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 Speed Torque & Speed Current Curve

• A - starting 200% torque 600%

current.
• B - Pull Up due to harmonics.
• C - Breakdown Torque R = XL. 600

• D - 150% torque 500

CU
RR
• E - Rated

EN
T
400

• F - No Load
• G - Synchronous - Torque = 0
300
% CURRENT A C
and
% TORQUE
225 D 150%
TORQUE
200
QUE
TOR RATED
E TORQUE
B
NO LOAD
F TORQUE
100
SYNCHRONOUS
G SPEED

0
450 900 1725 1750 1795 1800
SPEED (RPM)

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Speed Torque Curve for Five NEMA Design Classes

• NEMA Classes A
• NEMA Classes B
• NEMA Classes C
• NEMA Classes D
• NEMA Classes F

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 NEMA Design A

• Low Slip (3% or less)

• Low Resistance
• Low Inductance
• High Inrush
• High Efficiency
• High Starting Torque
• High Brake-Down Torque

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 NEMA Design B

• Most Common
• Higher impedance than A
• Lower Inrush than A
• Higher starting torque than A
• 3 to 5% Slip

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 NEMA Design C

• Dual rotor design

• High Starting (Outer Bars)
• Low slip at speed (Inner Bars)
• 5% slip or less

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 NEMA Design D

• High Resistance
• High Slip. (5 to 8%)
• High Starting Torque
• Low Efficiency
• Runs Hot

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 NEMA Design F

• Lowest Starting Torque

• Low Inrush Current
• Only for easy to start loads
– Fans
– Centrifugal Pumps

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Motor Nameplate and Parameter

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 Motor Name-plate

• Design Code
• Motor Classification
• Phase/Voltage/Frequency
• Horsepower output
• Full Load Current
• Service Factor
• Insulation Classes
• Full Load Speed

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 Design Code
• Design Code or Code-letter Designation
– It is a ratio of locked-rotor KVA per
horsepower as measured at full voltage
and rated frequency.
– Letter KVA per HP
– A 0 - 3.15
– B 3.15 - 3.55
– C 3.55 - 4.0
– D 4.0 - 4.5
– E 4.5 - 5.0

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 Design Code
• Design Code or Code-letter Designation

Letter KVA per HP Letter KVA per HP

– A 0 - 3.15 L 9.0 - 10.0
– B 3.15 - 3.55 M 10.0 - 11.2
N 11.2 - 12.5
– C 3.55 - 4.0 P 12.5 - 14.0
– D 4.0 - 4.5 R 14.0 - 16.0
– E 4.5 - 5.0 S 16.0 - 18.0
– F 5.0 - 5.6 T 18.0 - 20.0
– G 5.6 - 6.3 U 20.0 - 22.4
V 22.4 and UP
– H 6.3 - 7.1
– J 7.1 - 8.0
– K 8.0 - 9.0

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 Motor Classification

• NEMA Classes A
• NEMA Classes B
• NEMA Classes C
• NEMA Classes D
• NEMA Classes F

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 Phases/Voltage/Frequency
• All these parameters are for the incoming power requirement of
motor.

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 Horsepower

• This is output power of motor

• Horsepower of HP is the
designation for a unit of power
equal to 746 Watts
• This designation is often used in
the North America to rate
electrical power products such
as
– motor
– contactor
– motor starter

1 Hp = 0.746kW

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 Full Load Current

• Full load current FLC

– It is the amount of current
that the motors draws at
rated voltage, speed and
torque when running under
normal conditions.

Input Power = √3 x Voltage x Current

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 Service factor

• Service factor is a number which indicates how much the

motor can be overloaded when the voltage and frequency
are maintained at the value specified on the nameplate and
the temperature rise will be as specified in NEMA standard
• The motor can be overloaded up to the horsepower obtained
by multiplying the rated horsepower by the service factor
shown on the name plate
• If the service factor is greater than 1, the motor may have
efficiency, power factor, and speed different from those at
rated load. But the locked-rotor torque and current and
breakdown torque will remain unchanged

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 Service Factor

• Service Factor
– This is a percentage of HP
(over motor ‘s HP rating)
that the motor may be called
upon to product for a short
period of time
– This factor typically is 0-25%
– For example 1.25 service
factor can produce 25%
more power than its nominal
nameplate rating

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 Insulation class of motor

• The insulation systems that can operate at higher

temperatures may provide greater reliability for a longer time
period because they can more effectively withstand the heat
of short-time overloads

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 Insulation class of motor

• According to NEMA standards, we can define the insulation

class of motor as following details.

Insulation Class Hot-spot Temp

A 105 ºC (221F)
B 130 ºC (266F)
F 155 ºC (311F)
H 180 ºC (356F)

insulation Class

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 Full Load Speed

• Full Load Speed is also asynchronous speed of induction

motor

Full Load Speed (rpm)

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