CONTOH HUBUNGAN

KAUSAL
• Apakah ada hubungan antara
penggunaan pelindung telinga dengan
kejadian sensory neural hearing loss pada
pekerja pabrik dengan bunyi mesin yang
amat berisik
• Apakah ada hubungan antara ciri
kepribadian introvert dengan kepekaan
terhadap motion sickness
 AON.=ANT.OLFACT.NUCL.
A = AMYGDALA
LOS= LAT.PLFACT.STRIA
MOS=MED.OLFACT.STRIA
OT= OLFACT.TUBERCLE
U = UNCUS
APS= ANT.PERFORATED
SUBSTANCE
DBB= DIAGONAL BAND OF
BROCA
PPC= PREPYRIFORM CORT.
11 PC= PYRIFORM CORTEX
1,2= PRIMARY AND SECOND.
OLFACRORY CORTEX

2
 Tractus olfactorius

GC= GRANULE CELLS

MC= MITRAL CELLS
PG= PERIGLOMERULAR
CELLS
G= GLOMERULAR CELLS
OF= OLFACTORY CELLS

__ __

OF Bulbus olfactorius

epithel
 INTRANASAL DELIVERY
OF NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS IN
RATS
• LIU (2001): REDUCES INFARCT VOLUME
AND IMPROVES NEURO-LOGIC
FUNCTION WITH MIDDLE CEREBRAL
ART. OCCLUSION
• KUCHERYANU (1999): SUPPRESSED
RIGID-ITY , INCREASED MOTOR
ACTIVITY AND REDUCED TREMORS IN
PD DISEASE MODEL
• GOZES (2000): PREVENTED LEARNING
AND MEMORY IMPAIRMENTS
RESULTING FROM CHOLINERGIC
BLOCKADE
 INTRANASAL DELIVERY
IN HUMANS
• PIETROWSKI (1996): GREATER BRAIN
EVOKED POTENTIAL CHANGES WITH
INTRANASAL THAN I.V. AVP19
• SMOLNIK (1999): ACTION OF INTRA-
NASAL ACTH4-10 ON HUMAN EVENT-
RELATED BRAIN POTENTIAL AND
ATTENTION
• FEHM (2001): INTRANASAL ACTH4-10
ADMINISTRATION TO HUMANS
INCREASED ACTH4-10 SIGNIFICANTLY IN
THE CSF BUT NOT IN THE BLOOD
 GLIAL CELLS
• MACROGLIA :
ASTROCYTES
OLIGODENDROCYTES
SCHWANN CELL
• MICROGLIA
 ASTROCYTES
• THE LARGEST AND MOST NUMEROUS OF GLIAL
CELLS
• DO NOT HAVE NISSL BODIES
• HAS A SPECIFIC MARKER: GLIAL FIBRILLARY
ACIDIC PROTEIN (GFAP)
• FILL MOST OF THE SPACE BETWEEN NEURONS
• THE PROCESSES SURROUND SYNAPSES
• SOME FORM ENDFEET WHICH BUTT ONTO
CAPILLARIES OR ONTO PIAMATER TO
PRODUCE A LAYER CALLED THE GLIAL
MEMBRANE
 ASTROCYTES
FUNCTIONS
• SPATIAL BUFFERING OF POTASSIUM WHICH
MAINTAINS APPROPRIATE K+
CONCENTRATIONS IN THE VICINITY OF
NEURONS
• INFLUENCE NEUROTRANSMISSION:
* serve as a barriere to the diffusion of
transmitter away from the synaptic cleft
* the plasma protein contains specific transport
proteins which enable high affinity reuptake of
transmitter from the cleft into the astrocytes
 ASTROCYTES
FUNCTIONS
• PLAY A ROLE IN REGULATING THE
SUPPLY OF GLUCOSE TO NEURONS
• ASTROCYTE ENDFEET ON CAPILLARIES
CAUSE THE ENDOTHELIAL CELLS TO
FORM THE EXTREMELY TIGHT
JUNCTIONS THAT ARE THE HALLMARK
OF THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
 OLIGODENDROCYTES
AND SCHWANN CELL

• HAVE THE COMMON FUNCTION

OF PROVIDING THE MYELIN
SHEATH, AN ELECTRICALLY
INSULATED COVERING
AROUND MANY AXONS
 MICROGLIA

• THE SMALLEST OF THE GLIAL CELLS

• THESE ARE COMPONENTS OF THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM AND ARE DERIVED FROM
MACROPHAGES
• THEY ARE PHAGOCYTIC AND PROLIFERATE IN
A WIDE VARIETY OF CONDITIONS THAT
PRODUCE INFLAMMATION OF THE CNS
• SCAR TISSUE FORMATION IN THE CNS IS
CALLED GLIOSIS
 BLOOD –BRAIN BARRIER

• FORMED BY CAPILLARY
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS WHICH ARE
COUPLED BY TIGHT JUNCTIONS
WITH EXTRAORDINARILY HIGH
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE
• ASTROCYTES ARE REQUIRED TO
PRODUCE THE BARRIER

Neuroscience (A.Longstaff 2000)

 BLOOD –BRAIN BARRIER
• THE CIRCUMVENTRICULAR
ORGANS (INCLUDING THE
POSTERIOR PITUITARY AND
PLEXUS CHORIOIDEUS) DO NOT
HAVE A BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
AND ARE ABLE TO SECRETE
SUBSTANCES DIRECTLY INTO THE
BLOOD, OR MONITOR THE
CONCENTRATIONS OF MATERIALS
IN THE BLOOD
 BLOOD –BRAIN BARRIER
FUNCTIONS
• THESE REGIONS ARE ISOLATED
FROM THE REST OF THE BRAIN
BY TANYCYTES (SPECIALIZED
EPENDYMAL CELLS) , WHICH
ARE COUPLED TOGETHER BY
TIGHT JUNCTIONS.

Neuroscience (A.Longstaff 2000)

 BLOOD –BRAIN BARRIER
FUNCTIONS
• PERMITS OXYTOCIN AND
VASOPRESSIN TO BE SECRETED
DIRECTLY INTO THE SYSTEMIC
CIRCULATION
• ALLLOWS THE BRAIN TO MONITOR
THE CONCENTRATIONS OF WATER,
IONS AND SELECTED MOLECULES
FOR HOMEOSTATIC FUNCTIONS.
Neuroscience (A.Longstaff 2000)
 BLOOD –BRAIN BARRIER
FUNCTIONS
• A HIGHLY SELECTIVE PERMEAB-
ILITY BARRIER WHICH ALLOWS
THE PASSAGE OF WATER, SOME
GASSES, AND LIPID SOLUBLE
MOLECULES BY PASSIVE
DIFFUSION

Neuroscience (A.Longstaff 2000)

 BLOOD –BRAIN BARRIER
FUNCTIONS
• CONTAINS SPECIFIC CARRIER-
MEDIATED TRANSPORTERS FOR
THE SELECTIVE TRANSPORT OF
MOLECULES CRUCIAL TO NEURAL
FUNCTION (SUCH AS GLUCOSE AND
AMINO ACIDS)

Neuroscience (A.Longstaff 2000)

 BLOOD –BRAIN BARRIER
FUNCTIONS
• PREVENTS THE ENTRY OF
CIRCULATING NEUROACTIVE
COMPOUNDS AND IS ABLE TO
EXCLUDE LIPOPHILIC, POTENTIAL
NEUROTOXINS VIA AN ACTIVE
TRANSPORT MECHANISM
MEDIATED BY P-GLYCOPROTEIN

Neuroscience (A.Longstaff 2000)