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Rig :
1. Land Rig
2. Jack Up
3. Platform Rig
4. SemiSub
5. DrillShip
6. Submersible
Introduction of Primary Cementing
Zonal Isolation:
Well Control
Casing protection against:
Corrosion
Burst
Collapse
Drilling Shocks
Strengthen Casing
Primary Casing Cementing
Causes of job failure: Causes of cement slurry failure:
Drilling fluid
gelling
Fluids
channeling
Well condition presenting
problem
Well condition Definition Problems Design Considerations
Deep wells Depth > 15,000 Formation Use a complete
ft damage caused mathematical model .
by excessive Design methods and
friction materials for 100%
pressures displacement with no
formation breakdown. Use
liner to reduce casing and
length; stage tools to
Need long casing
reduce friction pressures;
proper chemicals and
strict quality control to
ensure required pumping
time
Need long
pumping time
Well condition presenting
problem
Well condition Definition Problems Design Considerations
Conductor Casing
Surface Casing
Protective / Intermediate Casing
Production Casing
Liners
Tie Back
Schematic of Casing String
Conductor Casing
36 " hole
conductor
30 " casing pipe
surface
26 " hole
20 " casing casing
intermediate
17 1/2 " hole
13 3/8 " casing
casing
Purpose:
Confines circulating fluids
Characteristics:
(Set from 40 to 1500 feet)
36 " hole
conductor
30 " casing pipe
surface
26 " hole
20 " casing casing
intermediate
17 1/2 " hole
13 3/8 " casing
casing
Purpose:
Protect water sands.
Case unconsolidated formations.
Provides primary pressure control. (BOP usually nipple up on
surface casing)
Supports subsequent casings.
Case off loss circulation zones.
Characteristics:
(Set from 40 to 4500 feet)
Casing may stick easily in unconsolidated formations.
Loss of circulation may be a problem.
Most areas require that cement be circulated.
Guide shoe, or float shoe, and float collar commonly used.
Innerstring Cementing
Why?
Potential Casing Collapse due
to Hydrostatic Pressure of a full
column of Cement
Cover Weak Zones on First
Stage to insure Cement Returns
to Surface
Large Volumes of Cement
Deep Holes that Require
Cement to Surface
A long casing string can be
cemented in multiple stages if
the casing is extremely long or if
different formation conditions
warrant it.
Multiple Stage Tool Cementing
Innerstring Cementing without Sealing Sleeve
Innerstring Cementing
with Sealing Sleeve
- Optional latch-
down feature
- Top plug
- Minimizes inventory prevents over
displacement
- Flat face adapter
- Latch-down
plug -
- Slack off 5000 lbs redundant back
pressure seal
- Requires centralization
Intermediate Casing
36 " hole conductor
30 " casing pipe
surface
26 " hole
20 " casing casing
intermediate
17 1/2 " hole
13 3/8 " casing
casing
Purpose:
Cases off loss circulation zones, water flows, etc.
Isolates salt sections
Protects open hole from increase in mud weight
Prevents flow from high-pressure zones if mud weight must be reduced
Basic pressure control casing BOP always installed
Supports subsequent casings
Characteristics:
Setting depth varies with hole conditions
Guide shoe, or float shoe, and float collar commonly used.
Cement volumes usually largest in well.
Often cemented in stages.
Prolonged drilling may be done through this casing, and damage is
common.
Completion may be made in intermediate casing.
Production Casing
36 " hole
conductor
30 " casing pipe
surface
26 " hole
20 " casing casing
intermediate
17 1/2 " hole
13 3/8 " casing
casing
Characteristics:
(Setting depth through producing zone)
Common sizes 4 1/2, 5 1/2 and 7 " casing
Drilling mud usually in good condition.
Usually not circulated
Generally cemented back to intermediate casing
Good cement job is vital to successful completion.
LINER
Liners are used in deep drilling operations to
eliminate the need to run a full string of casing.
Reverse.
Reverse cementing is the process of pumping cement
down the annulus and up the casing.
Deviated/Horizontal.
Wells are drilled at an angle to be able to contact more
of the producing zones or to reach an entire reservoir
from one offshore platform.
Density and flow rate of the cement slurry should be such that the
formation will not break down, yet the slurry still displaces the drilling
fluid effectively and provides effective zonal isolation.
Cement Slurry
Well Data Cement Indo G 94#/sacks
Previous Csg: SSA-1 40 % BWOC
Csg OD : 13-3/8” ; 54.5 ppf Halad-344 0.4 % BWOC
Csg ID : 12.615” ; K-55 Halad-23 0.2 % BWOC
Depth : 186 ft CaCl2 1 % BWOC
Present Csg: BHST
D-Air:2L
115 F BHCT: 95 F
0.005 Thickening Gps
Time: 1:54
Csg OD : 9-5/8” ; 36 ppf FDP-C-594 0.15 lb/sx
Csg ID : 8.921” ; K-55 Excess 500 %
Depth : 533 ft Slurry Weight 15.8 ppg
OH : 12-1/4” Mix. Water 6.484 gps
S. Track : 26.75 ft Slurry Yield 1.571 Cuft/Sacks
Capacity
Csg-Csg : 0.0646 Bbl/ft
OH-Csg : 0.0558 Bbl/ft
Csg 9-5/8 : 0.0773 Bbl/ft
Tail Cement Total
@ Shoe Track
26.75 ft(0.0773 Bbl/ft) =
2.07 Bbl
@ Csg-OH
(533 ft- 186 ft) 0.0558 Bbl/ft. 6 = 116.18 Bbl
@ Csg-Csg
186 ft (0.0646 Bbl/ft) = 12.02 Bbl
Total = 130.27 Bbl
Sack Of Cement For Tail
130.27 Bbl (1 Cuft/0.1781 Bbl):1.571 Cuft/sx
= 466 Sx
Displacement Chemical for Tail
(533-26.75)ft(0.0773 Bbl/ft) = 39.13 Bbl SSA-1
Water Requirement 40%(94lb/sx)466sx =17521.60 lb