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DC-DC conversion
AC-DC rectification
DC-AC inversion
AC-AC cyclo conversion
Power processing is controlled
Input [Various Switching Converters Output[various
sources] [Efficient and Intelligent] loads]
Control input
Reference
Few words about Power
Electronics
Power electronics refers to electronic circuits whose
primary function is to process energy
Signal level circuits process information
Power electronic systems comprise a combination of
these two circuit classes interposed between sources
and sinks of electric energy
The increasing penetration of power electronics into
commercial, industrial, and military applications are
driven by three forces:
Few words..
1. Decreasing cost making solid-state power
technology more economically attractive
2. new semiconductor materials allowing the control
of higher voltages and operation at higher
temperatures and frequencies
3. the need for more sophisticated and energy efficient
control process
Applications
Applications……….
A most unusual application of power electronics is
gaining interest recently- the extraction of energy
from very low power sources
These range from mechanical vibrations to
electrochemical potentials within the body
This is an extreme power electronics challenge,
requiring conversion at very low voltages (10s of
millivolts), with an efficiency that produces usable
energy, and a size that is biologically implantable
Power processing is efficient
Efficiency (η) = Pout/Pin
Ploss = Pin – Pout = Pout[(1/η) -1]
Voltage bidirectional
Two quadrant switch Four quadrant
switch
Single-quadrant switch
Active switch: switch state is controlled by a third
control terminal
Single quadrant switch: ON state i(t) and OFF state v(t) are unipolar
The diode
A passive switch
BJT IGBT
Power MOSFETs
Wd = Vg * iL * tr + Vg Qr
Principles of steady state analysis
SPDT switch changes
DC component
V = D*Vg
Basic DC-DC converter, Buck
converter
Boost Converter
Buck-Boost converter
Inductor volt-second balance, capacitor charge
balance, small ripple (linear ripple) approximation
v(t) = V + vripple(t)
Buck converter analysis
Hence the total area (or charge) under capacitor current waveform
is zero under steady State condition, leading to zero average
capacitor current
Boost converter analysis
Boost converter analysis
Equating to zero
Equating to zero
Solving for I
Eliminating V
Inductor current ripple
Peak ripple
Capacitor voltage ripple
Peak ripple
Discontinuous conduction mode
Minimum diode current
= (I – Δi )L
DC component of current
= V/R
Current ripple is
Increase R until
I = ΔiL
At this condition inductor
current iL(t) and Diode current
iD(t) are both zero at the end of
Switching period. Load current
is still positive and non zero
Further reduction of load current
I < ΔiL
Leads to
Solving for V
Capacitor charge balance
Node equation
hence
Inductor current waveform
Inductor current
Peak current
Average current
Triangle formula
Equating to DC component of
DC load current
Solution for V
Inductor volt-second balance
Solving for V
Buck converter M(D,K)
Boost converter example(DCM)
Mode boundary
Mode boundary
K and Kcrit(D)
[Kcrit(D) vs. D]
Mode boundary(comparison of K
and Kcrit(D)
Subintervals of operations
Sub-intervals 2,3
Subinterval 1
Subinterval 2
Subinterval 3
Inductor volt-second valance
Capacitor charge balance
Inductor and diode current
waveforms
Equating diode current to load
current
Solution
Solving for V
Boost converter characteristics
Summary of converters
Characteristics comparison in DCM
Key points
The discontinuous conduction mode occurs in converters containing
current- or voltage- unidirectional switches, when the inductor
current or capacitor voltage ripple is large enough to cause the
switch current or voltage to reverse polarity
Pos 1 Pos 2
Circuit equations, switch in
position1
Circuit equation, switch in
position2
Inductor voltage and capacitor
current waveforms
Solution for output voltage
Efficiency for various values of RL
Inclusion of semiconductor
conduction losses
waveforms
With inductive load
Load with a dc back emf
Single phase diode rectifier bridge
With Ls = 0 and resistive load
Dc side as constant current
Waveforms analysis
Simplified circuit
With resistive load
With constant load current
THD= 48.43%
With ac side inductance
Waveforms without Ls
Basic circuit to understand
commutation
Understanding commutation
𝐴𝑢 = 2𝑤𝐿𝑠 𝐼𝑑
2𝑤𝐿𝑠 𝐼𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 = 1 −
2𝑉𝑠
2𝐿𝑠 𝑤𝐼𝑑
𝑉𝑑 = 0.9𝑉𝑠 −
2𝜋
Rectifier with dc side voltage
waveforms
Normalized Id versus Vd with
constant dc side voltage
Effect of dc side current on PF THD
and DPF
Power and harmonics in non-
sinusoidal systems
In steady state
Non-linear averaged equations
These averaged voltages and currents are non-linear
functions of converter duty cycle, voltages and
currents
Linearization is done by constructing small signal
model of the converter
Buck-boost converter model
Switch at position 1
Leads to
Waveforms
Inductor current
Inductor current waveforms
Averaging capacitor waveforms
Waveforms , current
Capacitor voltage
The average input current
Perturbation and linearization
Linearization around quiescent
point
For steady-state value of
Simplifying
Standard form
Salient feature
During sub-interval 2
Equilibrium(dc) state space average
model
Solution for dc model
Small signal ac model
Non-ideal buck-boost converter
Input, state, output
Sub-interval 1
State space
Sub-interval 2
State space
Averaged matrices
Dc state equations
Dc solutions
Small signal ac model
Small signal ac state equations
Small signal ac model
Inductor equation
Input and capacitor
Overall model
Controller design
Functional block diagram