Chapter 2

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 Basic Operations
 Program Elements
 Storage
 Input and Output
 Arithmetic Operations

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 6 types of operations :
1. Receive input
2. Produce output
3. Assign value into storage
4. Perform arithmetic and logic operation
5. Make selection
6. Repeating a set of actions

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 Generally a computer program has the following
elements:
1. Input section
2. Storage allocation
 Constants
 Variables
 Data Structures
 Files
3. Processing using arithmetic or logic operation and
control with either sequential, selection or and
repetition structure.
4. Output Section

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 int number1, number2, total;

cin >> number1 >> number2;

Arithmetic Logic
total = number1 + number2;

cout << total << endl

cin >> number1 >> number2; cout << total << endl
total = number1 + number2;
Input Processing Output

constant

Storage variable
int number1, number2, total;

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 One of the essential resource of a program
 A location in computer memory that is allocated to
the program
 Used to hold value of specific data type
 Categories:
◦ Constants
◦ Variables
◦ Data Structure
◦ Files
 Data Types
◦ Integer number
◦ Floating point number
◦ Character
 Identifier is the name given to specific storage

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 Example:

int number;

Data type Identifier

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 Identifier naming rules:
◦ Must begin with a letter
◦ Can be followed by a letter, number or underscore (‘_’)
 Examples of valid identifiers
number1
averageScore
latest_CGPA
 Examples of invalid identifiers
20score
Student’sAge
average Salary

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 Constant
◦ To hold fixed value that cannot be altered during
program execution.
◦ Examples:
PI value  3.1416
Number of days per week  7
◦ Constant declaration:
const keyword is used to declare a constant and it
must be initialized.
<data type> const <identifier> = value;
◦ Example:
float const PI = 3.1416;

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 Variables
◦ To hold value that might be altered during program
execution.
◦ Hold value on temporary basis
◦ Examples:
 score
 Temperature
 Speed
 Length
◦ Variable declaration:
<data type> <identifier> [ = initial value];
◦ Example:
int number;
float score1, score2;
int score, float number;
int count = 0;

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 Data Structure
◦ An array or a pointer
◦ An array is a contagious memory locations that hold
more than one values of the same type.
◦ Hold value on temporary basis
◦ Examples:
 Name
 A set of students’ score
char name[20];
int score[20];

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 Basic Data Types C++ Data Types
◦ Integer (90, 0, -78) int or long
◦ Floating point (4.5,1.0,-0.67) float or double
◦ Character (‘A’,’a’,’*’,’1’) char

 Examples
int number;
int score;
long population;
float temperature;
double accountBalance;
char gender;

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 Example :
#include <iostream.h>
//program to calculate area of a circle
PI 3.1416
main()
{ radius ?
//variable and constant allocation
float const PI = 3.1416;
area ?
float radius, area;

//input section
cout << “Enter a radius : ”;
cin >> radius;

area = PI * radius * radius; //processing

//output section
cout << “Area of the circle is ” << area <<
endl;

return 0;
}//end main() 13
Enter a radius : __

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Enter a radius : 8

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 Examples
#include <iostream.h>
//program to calculate area of a circle PI 3.1416

main() radius 8
{
//variable and constant allocation
area 201.0624
float const PI = 3.1416;
float radius, area;

//input section
cout << “Enter a radius : ”;
cin >> radius;

area = PI * radius * radius; //processing

//output section
cout << “Area of the circle is ” << area <<
endl;

return 0;
}//end main() 16
Enter a radius : 8
Area of the circle is 201.0624

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 Input Statement
◦ To received input from keyboard or read input from a
file.
◦ Using cin keyword and input stream operator (>>).
◦ Syntax:
cin >> <variable>;

◦ Example

cin >> number;

cin >> number1 >> number2;

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 Example of a good input statement:

Prompt user to enter a number

cout << “Enter a score : ”;

cin >> score;

Read a number

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 Output Statement
◦ To display output on screen or to write output into file.
◦ Using cout keyword and output stream operator (<<).
◦ Syntax:
cout << <string|constant|variable|expression>;

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 Output Statement
◦ Examples:
◦ Statements Output
cout << “Hello World”; Hello World
cout << 80; 80
cout << area; content of area
cout << 8 + 4; 12

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 Output Statement
◦ What is the output of the following statements?
◦ Statements Output
cout << “Total is ” << 8 + 2; ?
cout << “8 + 2 = ” << 8 + 2; ?

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 End of line (newline)
◦ endl keyword will force the cursor to begin at new
line.
◦ Examples:
◦ Code fragment Output
cout << 14; 1416
cout << 16;

cout << 14 << endl; 14

cout << 16 << endl; 16

cout << 14 << ‘\n’; 14

cout << 16 << ‘\n’; 16

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 FIVE basic operations:
◦ Addition (+)  Sum of two numbers
◦ Subtraction (-)  Different of two numbers
◦ Multiplication (*)  Product of two numbers
◦ Division (/)  Quotient of two numbers
◦ Modulo (%)  Remainder of division
operation

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 Examples
int number1, number2;
int sum, different, product, quotient, reminder;
number1 = 8;
number2 = 4;

sum = number1 + number2;

different = number1 - number2;
product = number1 * number2;
quotient = number1 / number2;
remainder = number1 % number2;

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 Integer Division

IF two integers are divided, the result will be an integer

number. Any fraction will be truncated.
int / int  int
Example:

int a = 5, b = 2;
float c;
c = a / b; //the new value of c is 2

cout << a / b; //2 will be displayed

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 Data type conversion

To avoid the effect of integer division the data type must

be converted to float.
Example:

int a = 5, b = 2,
float c;
c = float(a) / b; //the new value of c is 2.5
c = a / float(b); //the new value of c is 2.5

//2.5 will be displayed

cout << float(a) / b;
cout << a / float(b);

c = float(a / b); //2.0 will be stored in c

cout << float (a / b); //2.0 will be displayed

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 Invalid Statement!

number1 + number2 = total

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 Type Conversion (Casting)
- store a value into a variable of a different type
- example : if you want to store a double value into an
int variable
- expressed using static_cast keyword as follows :

static_cast<data_type>(expression)

- example :
int n = static_cast<int>(x + 0.5)

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30
 Try to run :
- Exercise 3
- Exercise 2
- Exercise 7
- Exercise 8

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Exercise 9 :
Write a program that does the following :
1. Prompts the user to input two decimal numbers
2. Find the sum, subtract and average of the two
integers

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Assignment #1

 Try to write a program : Convert Length

Write a program that takes as input given
lengths expressed in feet and inches. The
program should then convert and out the
length in centimeters. Assume that the given
lengths in feet and inches are integers.

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 Declare the suitable storage to hold the
following data:
1. Number of days worked in a week
2. Student’s CGPA
3. Name of a person
4. Speed of a light

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 Translate the following flow chart into source
code: Begin

Read totalScore

Read count

average = total / count

Display average

End

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 Given the following declaration:

int a, b, c, v1, v2;

a = 8;
c = b = 3;
c = c – 1;
v1 = a / b;
v2 = a / c;

What is the final content of a, b, c, v1 and v2?

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