Dr Elham Ahmadnezhad is a researcher at the

Department of Disaster and Emergency

Management, National institute of health
research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
I’m a medical doctor and now I am studying
PhD of Epidemiology. My interest is Disaster
Epidemiology. My Email:
Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 6/10/2018 2
 Briefly History

 Why Mixed Methods?

 Type of Research designs

 Criteria for Choosing a Strategies

 Alternative Strategies and Visual Models

 Data Collection Procedures

 Data Analysis and Validation Procedures

 Report Presentation Structure

Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 6/10/2018 3

 1959: Concept of mixing different methods by Campbell & Fiske.
(Psychologists)

 1973: Combined the Qualitative & Quantitative data by S.D. Sieber.

 1979: Converging or triangulating different Qualitative &
Quantitative data sources by Jick.

 1989-2003: Expanded procedures for Mixed methods By Tashakkori

& Teddli and then Creswell.

Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 6/10/2018 4

 Quantitative data can reveal generalizable information for a large
group of people

› These data often fail to provide specific answers, reasons,

explanations or examples

 Qualitative research provides data about meaning and context

regarding the people and environments of study

› Findings are often not generalizable because of the small

numbers & narrow range of participants

 Both methods have strengths and weaknesses

› When used together, these methods can be complimentary

Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 6/10/2018 5

Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods

Quantitative Qualitative Mixed Methods

research research Research
Methods Methods Methods
• Experimental • Narratives • Sequential
designs •Phenomenologies •Concurrent
•Non- •Ethnographies •Transformative
Experimental •Grounded theory
designs, such as •Case Studies
survey

Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 6/10/2018 6

Four decisions go into selecting a mixed methods strategy

Implement Theoretical
Priority Integration
ation Perspective

No Sequence
Equal
Concurrent At data collection
Explicit
Sequential- At data analysis
Qualitative Qualitative At data
first interpretation

Sequential- Implicit
Qualitative Quantitative With some
first combination

Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 6/10/2018 7

 What is implementation sequence of the quantitative and
qualitative data collection in the proposed study?

 What priority will be given to the quantitative and qualitative data

collection and analysis?

 At what stage in the research project will the quantitative and

qualitative data and finding be integrated?

 Will an overall theoretical perspective (e.g., gender, race/ ethnicity,

lifestyle, class) be used in the study?

Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 6/10/2018 8

 Sequential Explanatory Design

QUAN Data Collection

QUAN Data Analysis

Qual Data Collection

Qual Data Analysis

Interpretation of Entre analysis

Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 6/10/2018 9

 Sequential Exploratory Design

QUAL Data Collection

QUAL Data Analysis

Quan Data Collection

Quan Data Analysis

Interpretation of Entre Analysis

Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 6/10/2018 10

Sequential Transformative Design

QUAL quan
Vision, Advocacy, Ideology, Framework

QUAN qual
Vision, Advocacy, Ideology, Framwork

Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 6/10/2018 11

 Concurrent Triangulation Strategy

QUAN QUAL

QUAN Data Collection QUAL Data Collection

Quan Data Analysis Qual Data Analysid

Data Results
Compared

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 Concurrent Nested Strategy

Analysis of Findings Analysis of Findings

Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 6/10/2018 13

Concurrent Transformative Strategy

Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 6/10/2018 14

 Identify and be specific about the type of data. Some forms of data
such as interviews and observations can be either quantitative or
qualitative. Although reduction information to numbers is the
approach used in quantitative research, it is also used in qual.
Research.

 Recognize that quantitative data often involve random sampling, so

that each individual has no equal probability of being selected and
the sample can be generalized to the larger population. In
qualitative data collection, purposeful sampling is used to that
individuals are selected because they have experienced the central
phenomenon.
Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 6/10/2018 15
 Relate the procedures specifically to the visual model. For e.g, in a
sequential explanatory model, the general procedures can be
detailed even further. A discussion of this approach might include
describing the use of survey data collection followed by both
descriptive and infertial data analysis in the first phase. Then
qualitative observations and coding and thematic analysis within an
ethnographic design might be mentioned for the second phase.

Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 6/10/2018 16

It’s related to the type of research strategy chosen for the procedures.
Some of the more popular approaches:

 Data transformation: In the concurrent strategies involve creating

codes and themes qualitatively, then counting the number of times
they occur in the text data. This quantification of qualitative data
enables a researcher to compare quantitative results with the
qualitative data. For instance, in a factor analysis of data from a
scale on an instrument, the researcher may create factors or
themes that then can be compared with themes from the
qualitative database.

Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 6/10/2018 17

 Explore outliers: In a sequential model, an analysis of quantitative data in the
first phase can yield extreme or outlier cases. Follow-up qualitative interviews
with these outlier cases can provide insight about why they diverged from the
quantitative sample.
 Instrument development: In a sequential approach, obtain themes and specific
statements from participants in an initial qualitative data collection. In the next
phase, use these statements as specific items and the themes for scales to
create a survey instrument that is grounded in the views of the participants. A
third, final phase might be to validate the instrument with large sample
representative of a population.
 Examine multiple levels: in a concurrent nested model, conduct a survey at one
level (e.g. with families) to gather quantitative results about a sample. At the
same time, collect qualitative interviews (e.g., with individuals) to explore the
phenomenon with specific individuals in families.

Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 6/10/2018 18

 It is necessary the validation of both qualitative
and quantitative phases of study. Each of
methods has the specific ways, for the
qualitative data, the strategies that will be used
to check the accuracy of the findings need to be
mentioned.

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 For a sequential study, mixed method researcher typically organize
the report of procedures into quantitative data collection and
qualitative data analysis followed by qualitative data and collection
and analysis. Then, in the conclusions or interpretation phase of
the study, the researcher comments on how the qualitative findings
helped to elaborate on or extend the quantitative results.
Alternatively, the qualitative data collection and analysis could
come first followed by the quantitative data collection and analysis.
In either structure, the writer typically will present the project as
two distinct phases, with separate headings of each.

Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 6/10/2018 20

 In concurrent study. The quantitative and
qualitative data collection may be presented in
separate section, but the analysis and
interpretation combines the two forms of data
to seek convergence among the results. The
structure of this type of mixed methods study
does not as clearly make a distinction between
the quantitative and qualitative phases.
Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 6/10/2018 21
 In a transformative study, the structure typically
involves advancing the advocacy issue in the beginning
of the study and then using either the sequential or
concurrent structure as a means of organizing the
content of the study. In the end of the study, a separate
section may advance an agenda for change or reform
that has developed as a result of the research.

Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 6/10/2018 22

Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design. Sage publication.

Tashakkori, A., & Tedllie, C. (2003). Handbook of mixed methods in the

social and behavioral sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
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