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5) Examples: HBr, NH3, H3O+, CO2, CH4, N2, NO+ (Exercise 1.6)
B. Exceptions to the Octet Rule
1. Compounds with odd numbers of electrons: CH3, NO
**These compounds are very reactive to reach octet: CH3 + CH3, BH3 + H
Exercise 1-7
II. Resonance Forms: multiple correct Lewis structures for a given molecule
A. Example: CO32-
B. Rules
1) Bracket the set of structures and separate with
2) Only electron pairs move to interconvert; atoms don’t move
Electron Pushing
C. Resonance Hybrids = The true structure is a mixture of all resonance forms
1. Every resonance form contributes to the overall structure
2. None of the resonance forms are true pictures of the structure
3. The real structure is not interconverting between resonance structures, but
is a composite all of them, all of the time
4. Examples: CO32-, acetate anion, 2-propenyl cation, (Exercise 1-8)
3) Atomic Orbitals
a) e- locations are quantized, not found everywhere but only at certain
energies
b) 3-D plots of the wave functions indicate where the electron is likely
to be found for the given energy states
4) Wave Equations are very complex, so we can only solve them for simple
systems like H, but the shapes of the atomic orbitals of higher elements
are similar in shape, though larger
3) Next highest energy wave function has 3 solutions of the same energy
a) Solutions of equal energy are called degenerate
b) These orbitals are the 2px, 2py, 2pz orbitals