Chapter 3:modal Analysis

Copyright © 2009 Altair Engineering, Inc. Proprietary and Confidential. All rights reserved.
Chapter 3:Modal Analysis
Definitions
Why Modal Analysis is so important!
Eigenvalue Solution Methods
Modal analysis using FEM
How to setup a Modal Analysis
Exercise 3.1 – Shell Clamped Beam Model
Exercise 3.2 – Compressor Bracket Modal Analysis
Dynamic Analysis
• Two basic aspects of dynamic analysis differ from static

analysis.
• First, dynamic loads are applied as a function of time or

frequency-. Second, this time or frequency-varying load
application induces time or frequency-varying response
(displacements, velocities, accelerations, forces, and stresses).
These time or frequency-varying characteristics make dynamic
analysis more complicated and more realistic than static
analysis.
Dynamic Analysis
Definitions
Mode Shapes
The deformed shape of the structure at a specific natural frequency of
vibration is termed its normal mode of vibration. Some other terms used to
describe the normal mode are mode shape, characteristic shape,
eigenvector and fundamental shape. Each mode shape is associated with
a specific natural frequency.
Solving Procedure
Buckling Relation
geometric stiffness matrix KG

Κ is the stiffness matrix of the structure and λ is the multiplier to the
reference load
Eigenvalue Solution Methods
1. Vector Iteration Methods
2. Transformation Methods
3. Polynomial Iterations Methods
4. Lanczos Iteration Method
5. Subspace Iteration Method

Why Modal Analysis is important
On any kind of structural simulation a modal analysis will help the Engineer to
understand the global behavior of the system, doing a modal analysis first it is
possible to:
• Identify the natural frequencies and modal shapes of the system.
• Verify if there are rigid modes on the system, and the link between
components.
• Understand if the BCs applied to the system are correct.
• With the strain energy density for example, the Engineer can determine
where the part should be reworked to improve the performance.
• It helps on predict the dynamic responses that this system will have,
then all the other dynamic simulations should be done only after a
MODAL Analysis.
Why Modal Analysis is important
It is useful to know the modal frequencies of a structure:
1. Is there resonance?
2. Is it a static or a dynamic problem?
3. If is Dynamic which type of analysis should I do?
4. How can I calibrate my CAE model with a test?
In summary the modal analysis is used to determine the normal

modes and normal shapes, but it helps on understand the whole
system and helps on understand all other dynamic analysis.
Normal Modes Analysis
Normal Modes analysis is performed when you are interested in the

natural frequencies and the mode shapes of the structure.
Tacoma Narrows Bridge in Washington

Modal testing
Impact hammer Shaker Test

test
Tests
• Free Free Run
• Changing the natural frequency
• Mesh Check
Bulk Data section Normal Modes
Example local coordinate system (EIGRL card):
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
EIGRL SID V1 V2 ND MSGLVL MAXSET SHFSCL NORM
Where:
SID Unique set identification number. (Integer > 0)
For vibration analysis: Frequency range of interest

V1,V2
For buckling analysis: Eigenvalue range of interest.
ND Number of roots desired. (Integer > 0 or blank)
MSGLVL Number of roots desired. (Integer > 0 or blank)
MAXSET Number of vectors in block or set. Default = 8 (Integer 1 through 16 or blank)
For vibration analysis: Estimate of the frequency of the first flexible mode.
SHFSCL
For buckling analysis: Estimate of the first eigenvalue.
MASS eigenvectors are normalized to generalized mass (not valid for buckling).
NORM MAX eigenvectors are normalized to the unit value of the largest displacement.
Default = MASS for normal modes analysis, MAX for linear buckling analysis
Exercise 3.2: Compressor Bracket Modal Analysis
This exercise runs a modal analysis on a compressor system.

To make this system viable the vibration produced by the engine can’t have resonance
with the compressor system.
Suppose that our 4-cycle engine can work up to 8000 RPM, and then the excitations from
the second order (2 explosions per cycle) are up to ~266 Hz.
Then the objective of this project is to have a Bracket with the first frequency higher than
350 Hz.
Model Information
1. Natural frequencies > 350 Hz.
2. Compressor: (Mass = 3 kg and CG =
(-5.2, -14.5, 65.2)
3. Material STEEL:
 = 7.8e-9 T/mm3 [RHO]
5 Bolt link
E = 210000 MPa [E]
n = 0.3 - [nu]
Problem Setup:
You should copy these Files: BRACKET_COMPRESSOR_FEA_2nd.hm;
Exercise 3.2: Compressor Bracket Modal Analysis (Results)
Refine?
Refine?
Frequency Response
• Frequency response analysis is a method used to compute

structural response to steady-state oscillatory excitation. Examples
of oscillatory excitation include rotating machinery, unbalanced tires,
and helicopter blades.
• In frequency response analysis the excitation is explicitly defined in

the frequency domain. All of the applied forces are known at each
forcing frequency.
• Forces can be in the form of applied forces and/or enforced motions

(displacements, velocities, or accelerations).
• Oscillatory loading is sinusoidal in nature. In its simplest case, this loading

is defined as having an amplitude at a specific frequency.
• The response may be shifted in time due to damping in the system. The
shift in response is called a phase shift because the peak loading and peak
response no longer occur at the same time.
FRF
Parametres
• Dload - Defines a dynamic loading condition for frequency response

problems
• RLOAD2 - Frequency Response Dynamic Load
• DAREA - defines the degrees-of-freedom where the dynamic load

is to be applied and the scale factor to be applied to the loading.
The DAREA entry provides the basic spatial distribution of the
dynamic loading
• TABLED1 - Defines a tabular function for use in generating

frequency-dependent and time-dependent dynamic loads
Output parameters
• GLOBAL OUTPUT REQUEST
• Displacement – form - Provides polar format (magnitude and

phase) of complex output. Phase output is in degrees.
• Option – SID
• FORMAT
• 2, 1 – opti (OptiStruct ASCII result files like .disp, .strs, etc), 2 –

H3D
• PARAM
• Mass is formulated as either lumped mass or coupled mass.

Lumped mass matrices contain uncoupled, translational
components of mass. Coupled mass matrices contain translational
components of mass
• PARAM, COUPMASS,1 – Requests that the coupled mass option

be used rather than the lumped mass option for all elements which
support the coupled mass option. In the lumped mass option, the
distributed mass of an element is simply divided up and the parts are
located at the connected grid points. In the coupled mass option,
the distributed mass is replaced by a nondiagonal mass matrix
which couples the connected grid points. The latter method is
sometimes more accurate, but it uses more computer time.
• An alternate method for defining structural damping is through

PARAM,G,r where r is the structural damping coefficient. This
parameter multiplies the stiffness matrix to obtain the structural
damping matrix. The default value for PARAM,G is 0.0. The default
value causes this source of structural damping to be ignored
• In this analysis r is 0.06
• Wtmass 0.00259
• Weight units may be input instead of mass units, if this is more

convenient. However, you must convert the weight to mass by
dividing the weight by the acceleration of gravity defined in
consistent units
• This factor is used to input all mass entries in weight units. Using
this PARAM multiplies all terms in the mass matrix by this factor.

Chapter 3:modal Analysis

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Chapter 3:modal Analysis

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Copyright © 2009 Altair Engineering, Inc. Proprietary and Confidential. All rights reserved.

Chapter 3:Modal Analysis

• Two basic aspects of dynamic analysis differ from static

• First, dynamic loads are applied as a function of time or

geometric stiffness matrix KG

Eigenvalue Solution Methods

1. Vector Iteration Methods

3. Polynomial Iterations Methods

4. Lanczos Iteration Method

5. Subspace Iteration Method

Why Modal Analysis is important

Why Modal Analysis is important

It is useful to know the modal frequencies of a structure:

2. Is it a static or a dynamic problem?

3. If is Dynamic which type of analysis should I do?

4. How can I calibrate my CAE model with a test?

In summary the modal analysis is used to determine the normal

Normal Modes Analysis

Normal Modes analysis is performed when you are interested in the

Tacoma Narrows Bridge in Washington

Impact hammer Shaker Test

• Free Free Run

• Changing the natural frequency

Bulk Data section Normal Modes

Example local coordinate system (EIGRL card):

EIGRL SID V1 V2 ND MSGLVL MAXSET SHFSCL NORM

For vibration analysis: Frequency range of interest

ND Number of roots desired. (Integer > 0 or blank)

MSGLVL Number of roots desired. (Integer > 0 or blank)

MAXSET Number of vectors in block or set. Default = 8 (Integer 1 through 16 or blank)

Exercise 3.2: Compressor Bracket Modal Analysis

This exercise runs a modal analysis on a compressor system.

Exercise 3.2: Compressor Bracket Modal Analysis (Results)

• Frequency response analysis is a method used to compute

• In frequency response analysis the excitation is explicitly defined in

• Forces can be in the form of applied forces and/or enforced motions

• Oscillatory loading is sinusoidal in nature. In its simplest case, this loading

• Dload - Defines a dynamic loading condition for frequency response

• RLOAD2 - Frequency Response Dynamic Load

• DAREA - defines the degrees-of-freedom where the dynamic load

• TABLED1 - Defines a tabular function for use in generating

• GLOBAL OUTPUT REQUEST

• Displacement – form - Provides polar format (magnitude and

• 2, 1 – opti (OptiStruct ASCII result files like .disp, .strs, etc), 2 –

• Mass is formulated as either lumped mass or coupled mass.

• PARAM, COUPMASS,1 – Requests that the coupled mass option

• An alternate method for defining structural damping is through

• In this analysis r is 0.06

• Weight units may be input instead of mass units, if this is more

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