1.

3 Stoichiometry

6/17/2018 MATTER 1
Determine 1) Define limiting reactant &
Oxidation percentage yield
number
2) Stoichiometric calculation

1.3 MOLE CONCEPT

Balancing equation:
1) Chemical equation by inspection method
2) Redox equation by ion electron method 2
 Learning Outcome
At the end of this subtopic, students should
be able to:
a) Determine the oxidation number of an
element in a chemical formula
b) Write and balance:
i. Chemical equation by inspection method
ii. Redox equation by ion electron method
MATTER 3
OXIDATION–REDUCTION REACTION
An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a type of
chemical reaction that involves a transfer of
electrons between two species. The oxidation
number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by
gaining or losing an electron.
 OXIDATION–REDUCTION REACTION
Also call Redox reaction
Oxidation reaction Reduction reaction
Substance loses Substance gains
electron(s) electron(s)
Increase oxidation Decrease oxidation
number number
Act as reducing agent Act as oxidizing agent
(reductant) (oxidant)
Substance gains oxygen Substance loses oxygen
Example of Redox reaction
 Examples of redox reactions

oExtraction of a metal from its ores

oElectrolysis of molten salt to obtain pure element

oCombustion of oil, coals and other fuels
oChange occurred in dry cells and lead storage batteries

oRusting iron
 OXIDATION NUMBER
 The charge the atom would have in a molecule
(or an ionic compound) if electrons were
completely transferred

1. Free elements (uncombined state) have an

oxidation number of zero
Na, Be, K, Pb, H2, O2, P4 = 0

2. Monoatomic ions, the oxidation number is equal

to the charge on the ion
Li+ = +1; Fe3+ = +3; O2– = – 2
Example of Oxidation number
3. Oxygen is usually –2 in most compound. EXCEPT in H2O2
and O22- is -1, and in OF2 is +2
Example:
Oxidation number of O in MgO = -2
Oxidation number of O in H2O = -2
Oxidation number of O in H2O2 = -1
Oxidation number of O in OF2 = +2

4. Hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1 in its

compound EXCEPT in metal hydrides, oxidation
number of hydrogen is -1
Example:
Oxidation number of H in HCl = +1
Oxidation number of H in NaH = -1
Oxidation number of H in MgH2 = -1
5. Group 1 metals, oxidation number are +1,
Group 2 metals, oxidation number are +2

6. Fluorine, oxidation number always -1.

Other halogen,
when occur as halide, oxidation number of
is always –1
 when combine with oxygen, oxidation
number is positive

Example:
Oxidation number of F in NaF = -1
Oxidation number of Cl in HCl = -1
Oxidation number of Cl in Cl2O7 = +7
Oxidation number of F in OF2 = +1
7. In neutral molecule, the sum of the oxidation number
of all atoms that made up the molecule is equal to zero.

Example:
Oxidation number of H2O = 0
Oxidation number of HCl = 0
Oxidation number of KMnO4 = 0

MATTER 12
8. For polyatomic ions, the total oxidation number of all
atoms that made up the polyatomic ion must be equal
to the net charge of the ion.

Example:
Oxidation number of MnO4- = -1
Oxidation number of Cr2O72- = -2
Oxidation number of NO3- = -1

MATTER 13
 EXAMPLE 1
Assign the oxidation number of Cr in K2Cr2O7
Solution :
Let x = oxidation number of Cr
sum oxidation no K2Cr2O7 = 0
2 (+1) + 2x + 7 (-2) = 0
2 x = + 12
x =+6
Oxidation number of Cr = +6

MATTER 14
 EXAMPLE 2
Assign the oxidation number of Cr in Cr2O72-
Solution :
Let x = oxidation number of Cr
sum oxidation no Cr2O7 2- = -2
2 x + 7 (-2) = -2
2 x = + 12
x =+6
Oxidation number of Cr = +6

MATTER 15
 Exercise1
EXERCISE
1. Assign the oxidation number of underlined element in
the following chemical compounds.
i. MnO2 ii. MnO4-
iii. KClO3 iv. Cl2O72-

2. Assign the oxidation number of following:

i. U in UO22+
ii. C in C2O42-

MATTER 16
 EXERCISE 2
Determine the oxidation number of the
underlined element in these compounds:
a) Zinc chloride, ZnCl2
b) Sulfur trioxide, SO3
c) Nitric acid, HNO3
d) Scandium oxide, Sc2O3
e) Gallium chloride, GaCl3
f) Hydrogen phosphate ion, HPO4–
g) Manganate ion, MnO4–
h) Iodine trifluoride, IF3
 CHEMICAL EQUATION

Reactants Products

“ 2 mol of H2 reacts with

1 mol of O2 to produce 2 mol of
H2O”
 BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Inspection Method

? 8H18
__C ? 2  ?
+ __O ? 2O
__CO2 + __H
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS: Inspection Method

Translate the statement into a skeleton

equation
25
1 8 9
__C8H18 + __O
2 2  __CO2 + __H2O

Balance the atom

Start with the most complex substance
Assign coefficient 1 to the most complex substance.
Make sure number of atoms are same on the
right and left side of equation.
 Adjust the coefficients

25
1C
8H18 + 2
O2  8 CO2 + 9 H2O x 2

2 C8H18 + 25 O2  16 CO2 + 18 H2O

The smallest whole–number

coefficients are preferred
 Check

2 C8H18 + 25 O2  16 CO2 + 18 H2O

REACTANTS: PRODUCTS:
16 C 16 C
36 H 36 H
50 O 50 O
 EXAMPLE 1
Convert the following into balanced equations:

a) Liquid hexane, C6H14 burns in oxygen gas to form

carbon dioxide and water vapor.

b) When lead(II) nitrate solution is added to

potassium iodide solution, solid lead(II) iodide
forms and potassium nitrite solution remains.

c) When nitrogen dioxide is bubbled into water,

a solution nitric acid forms and gaseous
nitrogen monoxide is released.
 Ans: EXAMPLE 1
a) Liquid hexane burns in oxygen gas to form
carbon dioxide and water vapor.
19
1 C6H14(l) + O2(g)  6 CO2(g) + 7 H2O(g)
2
b) When lead(II) nitrate solution is added to
potassium iodide solution, solid lead(II) iodide
forms and potassium nitrite solution remains.
1 Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KI(aq)  PbI2(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)
c) When nitrogen dioxide is bubbled into water,
a solution nitric acid forms and gaseous
nitrogen monoxide is released.
3 NO2(g) + H2O(l)  2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g)
AMOUNT REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS
Stoichiometrical relationship:
C3H8 + 5 O2  3 CO2 + 4 H2O
1 mol of C3H8 require 5 mol of O2
1 mol of C3H8 produce 3 mol of CO2
1 mol of C3H8 produce 4 mol of H2O
5 mol of O2 produce 3 mol of CO2
5 mol of O2 produce 4 mol of H2O
3 mol of CO2 produced from 1 mol of C3H8
3 mol of CO2 produced from 5 mol of O2
4 mol of H2O produced from 1 mol of C3H8
4 mol of H2O produced from 5 mol of O2
 EXAMPLE 1
Methanol burns in air according to the
equation:
2 CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
If 209 g of methanol are used up in the
combustion, what mass of water is produced?

ANS:
235.2 g H2O
 Ans: EXAMPLE 1
Mole of CH3OH = Mass of CH3OH (g)
Molar mass of CH3OH (g/mol)
209 g
= = 6.531 mol of CH3OH
32.0 g/mol
From the equation:
2 CH3OH + 3O2  2CO2 + 4H2O
2 mol of CH3OH produce 4 mol of H2O
6.531 mol of CH3OH produce 6.531 x 4
2
= 13.062 mol of H2O
Mass of H2O = Mole of H2O x Molar mass of H2O
= 6.531 mol x 18 g/mol = 235.2 g
 BALANCING REDOX EQUATIONS
For more complex redox reactions, use
ion–electron method

Redox reaction may occur in acidic and basic

solutions
Follow the steps systematically so that equations
become easier to balance.
 Balancing Redox Reaction:
In Acidic Solution
STEP 1: write the overall equation
reduction

Fe 2+ + MnO4 → - Fe 3+ + Mn 2+

oxidation
STEP 2: divide the eq. into half reactions
oxidation : Fe2+ → Fe3+
reduction : MnO4- → Mn2+
MATTER 29
STEP 3: Balance each half-reaction
a) balance the element other than oxygen and
hydrogen

Left Right
i. Fe2+→ Fe3+ 1 mol Fe 1 mol Fe
ii. MnO4- → Mn2+ 1 mol Mn 1 mol Mn

b) balance the oxygen atom by adding H2O ,

balance the hydrogen by adding H+

i. Fe2+ → Fe3+
ii. MnO4- + 8 H+ → Mn2+ + 4 H2O
MATTER 30
c) balance the charge by adding electrons to the side with
the greater overall positive charge.

i. Fe2+ → Fe3+ + 1e
(+2) (+3)
ii. MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e → Mn2+ + 4H2O
(-1) (+8) (+2) (0)
+7 +2

MATTER 31
STEP 4: Balance electrons for both half-reactions
Multiply each half-reaction by an integer, so that
number of electron lost in one half-reaction equals
the number gained in the other.

i. Fe2+ → Fe3+ + 1e Eq.i x 5

5 Fe2+ → 5 Fe3+ + 5e

ii. MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e → Mn2+ + 4H2O

STEP 5: write the overall equation
canceling same species appearing on both sides of
the equation.

i. 5 Fe2+ → 5 Fe3+ + 5e

ii. MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e → Mn2+ + 4H2O

5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ → 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O

MATTER 33
STEP 6: check the overall equation.
Check the equation to make sure that there are the
same number of atoms of each kind and the same
total charge on both sides.

5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ → 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O

(+2) (-1) (+1) (+3) (+2) (0)

Total charge reactant Total charge product

= 5(+2) + (-1) + 8(+1) = 5(+3) + (+2) + 4(0)
= + 10 - 1 + 8 = + 15 + (+2)
= +17 = +17

MATTER 34
 Balancing Redox Reaction:
In Basic Solution
For reactions in basic solutions, add OH- to both sides of
the equation for every H+ that appears in the final
equation.

5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ → 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O

+ 8OH- + 8OH-
8 H2O
4 H2O

5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 4H2O→ 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 8OH-

MATTER
 Example:EXERCISE
In Acidic1Solution
C2O42- + MnO4- + H+ → CO2 + Mn2+ + H2O
Solution:
1. i. Oxidation :
ii. Reduction :

2. i.
ii.

3. i.
ii.
MATTER 36
 EXERCISE 1
4. i.

ii.

5. i.
ii.

MATTER 37
 Example: In Basic2Solution
EXERCISE
Cr(OH)3 + IO3- + OH- → CrO32- + I- + H2O
Solution:
1. i. Oxidation :
ii. Reduction :

2. i.
ii.

3. i.
ii.
MATTER 38
 EXERCISE 2
4. i.

ii.

5. i.
ii.

6.
7.

MATTER 39
 Normally, we write the net ionic equation to
balance redox equations!

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaI (aq) PbI2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)

Molecular equation

Pb2+ + 2NO3- + 2Na+ + 2I- PbI2 (s) + 2Na+ + 2NO3-

Ionic equation

Pb2+ + 2I- PbI2 (s)

PbI2 Net Ionic equation

Na+ and NO3- are Spectator ions

 Learning Outcome
At the end of this subtopic, students should
be able to:

c) Define limiting reactant and

percentage yield
d) Perform stoichiometric calculations
using mole concept including
limiting reactant and percentage yield

** calculations involve: reacting masses;

volume of gases at s.t.p. and room temperature
;volume and concentration
MATTER
of solutions 41
 LIMITING REACTANT
Induction set….

How many cup

of sundae
be produced??
6/17/2018 MATTER 42
 LIMITING REACTANT
Induction set….

The number of ice cream possible is limited by the

amount of syrup, the limiting “reactant”
Limiting

Excess Excess
 LIMITING REACTANT
Reactants used up first in a reaction
Limit the amount of products formed
H2 + F2  2 HF
“ A limiting reactant is the reactant that is
completely consumed in a reaction and limits the
amount of products formed.”
 EXCESS REACTANT

5 C atoms 10 O2 molecules 5 CO2 5 O2 molecules

molecules in Excess

“ An excess reactant is the reactant that is

not completely consumed in a reaction and
remains at the end of the reaction.”
 Example 11
EXAMPLE
S + 3F2 → SF6
If 4 mol of S reacts with 10 mol of F2 , which of the two
reactants is the limiting reagent?

1 mol of S react with 3 mol of F2

So, 4 mol of S react with 4 x 3 mol of F2
1
= 12 mol of F2
Since mole of F2 Available (10 mol) is less than
Required (12 mol),
therefore F2 is the limiting reactant
MATTER 46
 EXAMPLE 2
In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted
with 601 g of Fe2O3

2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe

Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.

Molar mass of Al = 27.0 g/mol

Molar mass of Fe2O3 = 159.8 g/mol
Molar mass of Al2O3 = 102.0 g/mol
 Ans: EXAMPLE 2
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
124 g 601 g

Initial mol: Mole = mass

molar mass

Mole of Al Mole of Fe2O3

124 g 601 g
= =
27.0 g/mol 159.8 g/mol
= 4.593 mol = 3.761 mol
 2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
4.593 mol 3.761mol

Determine the limiting reactant:

1 mol of Fe2O3 need 2 mol of Al

So, 3.761 mol of Fe2O3 need
3.761 x 2
= 7.522 mol Al

Amount of Al available (4.593 mol) is less than needed (7.522 mol)

So, Al is the limiting reactant.
 Always use the amount of
limiting reactant when calculating
amount of products

From the equation:

2Al + Fe2O3  Al2O3 + 2Fe
2 mol of Al produce 1 mol of Al2O3
4.593 x 1
So, 4.593 mol of Al produce
2
= 2.297 mol Al2O3
Mass = mole x molar mass
Mass of Al2O3 = 2.297 mol x 102.0 g/mol
= 234.29 g
 EXERCISE 1
Phosphorus trichloride, PCl3, is a commercially
important compound used in the manufacture
of pesticide, gasoline additives, and a number
of other products.
It made by the direct combination of phosphorus
and chlorine.
P4 + 6Cl2  4PCl3
What mass of PCl3 forms in the reaction of
125 g P4 with 323 g Cl2 ?

ANS: Cl2 limiting reactant ; 417 g PCl3

 EXAMPLE – 222
EXERCISE
Many metals reacts with oxygen gas to form the metal oxide.
For example, calcium reacts as follows:
2Ca + O2  2CaO
You wish to calculate the mass of CaO that can be
prepared from 4.20 g of Ca and 2.80 g of O2.
a) How many moles of CaO can be produced
from the given mass of Ca?
b) How many moles of CaO can be produced
from the given quantity of O2?
c) Which is the limiting reactant?
d) How many grams of CaO can be produced?
ANS:
a) 0.105 mol CaO, b) 0.175 mol CaO c) Ca d) 5.89g CaO
 THEORETICAL YIELD
Amount of product that would result if
all the limiting reagent reacted
Limiting
EXAMPLE: reactant

H2 + F2  2HF
3 mol 2 mol 4 mol
(theoretical yield)

Theoretical yield of product is

calculated from the equation!
 ACTUAL YIELD
Amount of product actually obtained from
a reaction (experimental result)
Limiting
EXAMPLE: reactant

H2 + F2  2HF
3 mol 2 mol 3.5 mol (Actual yield)
4 mol (Theoretical yield)

Actual always not same like theory! Side

reactions must be considered!
 PERCENTAGE (%) YIELD

Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield

“ The percentage yield is the ratio of the

actual yield (experiment) to theoretical yield
(stoichiometry) multiply by 100”
 PERCENTAGE (%) YIELD
Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield
EXAMPLE:
H2 + F2  2HF
3 mol 2 mol 3.5 mol (Actual yield)
4 mol (Theoretical yield)

% Yield = 3.5 molx 100 = 87.5 %

4 mol

% Yield = 70 g x 100 = 87.5 %

Mr HF = 20 g/mol 80 g
 EXAMPLE 1

SiO2 + 3C  SiC + 2CO

When 100.0 kg of SiO2 are processed,

51.4 kg of SiC are recovered.
What is the percent yield of SiC in this process?

Actual Yield
 Ans: EXAMPLE 1

mass 100000 g
Mole o f SiO2 = molar mass = = 1663.89 mol
60.1 g/mol
From the equation:
SiO2 + 3C  SiC + 2CO
1 mol of SiO2 produce 1 mol of SiC
1663.89 x 1 = 1663.89 mol SiC
So, 1663.89 mol of SiO2 produce
1
Mass of SiC = 1663.89 mol x 40.1 g/mol
= 66722.39 g
= 66.72 kg (theoretical yield)
Actual Yield 51.4 kg
% Yield = x 100 = x 100 = 77.04 %
Theoretical Yield 66.72 kg
 Exam Sample 1

In an experiment, 1g of aluminum powder, Al reacts

with 40mL of 4.00M hydrochloric acid, HCl to form
aluminum chloride solution and hydrogen gas.
a) Determine the limiting reactant
b) If the percentage yield of hydrogen is 85%, calculate
the actual mass of hydrogen obtained.
 Ans: Exam Sample 1
Reaction equation:
2Al (s) + 6HCl (aq)  2AlCl3 (aq) + 3H2 (g)
1g
No of mol Al = = 0.037 mol
27.0 g/mol

(4.00M)(40mL) = 0.16 mol

No of mol HCl =
1000
2Al (s) + 6HCl (aq)  2AlCl3 (aq) + 3H2 (g)

2 mol Al need 6 mol of HCl

So, 0.037 mol of Al need 0.037 x 6
2
= 0.111 mol HCl

Amount of HCl
available (0.16 mol) is more than needed (0.111 mol)

HCl is excess reactant &

Al is the limiting reactant.
 2Al (s) + 6HCl (aq)  2AlCl3 (aq) + 3H2 (g)

2 mol Al produce 3 mol H2

0.037 x 3
0.037 mol Al produce mol H2 = 0.0555 mol H2
2
Theoretical yield of H2 = 0.0555 mol
Percentage yield = Actual yield X 100
Theoretical yield

85 X 0.0555 mol
Actual yield = = 0.0472 mol
100

Actual mass H2= 0.0472 mol x 2 g/mol = 0.0944 g

 Exercise1
EXERCISE
In a certain experiment, 14.6g of SbF3 was allowed to
react with CCl4 in excess. After the reaction was
finished, 8.62g of CCl2F2 was obtained.
3 CCl4 + 2 SbF3 3 CCl2F2 + 2 SbCl3
[ Ar Sb = 121.8, F = 19, C= 12, Cl = 35.5 ]

a) What was the theoretical yield of CCl2F2 in grams ?

b) What was the percentage yield of CCl2F2 ?

Ans : a) 11.6 g b) 74.31 %

MATTER 63
 EXERCISE 2 1.2

Nitroglycerin (C3H5N3O9) is a powerful explosive. It

decomposition may be represented by

4C3H5N3O9  6N2 + 12CO2 + 10H2O + O2

This reaction generates a large amount of heat and many

gaseous products. It is sudden formation of these gases
together with their rapid expansion, that produces explosion.

a) What is the maximum amount of O2 that can be

obtained from 200.00 g of nitroglycerin?
b) Calculate the percent yield in this reaction if the
amount of O2 generated is found to be 6.55 g.
ANS:
a) 7.05 g b) 92.9%
 EXERCISE 3 1.2

Ethylene (C2H4), an important industrial organic

chemical, can be prepared by heating hexane
(C6H14) at 800oC:
C6H14  C2H4 + other products
If the yield of ethylene production is 42.5 %, what
mass of hexane must be reacted to produce
481 g of ethylene?

ANS:
3.47 x 103 g
1) Acid-Base titration
2) Redox titration
 EXAMPLE – 34 1
EXAMPLE 1.2

What volume of a 1.42 M NaOH solution is required to

titrate 25.00 mL of a 4.50 M H2SO4 solution?
H2SO4 + 2 NaOH 2 H2O + Na2SO4
n H2SO4 = MV / 1000 n NaOH = MV / 1000
= (4.50) (25) / 1000 = (1.42) (V) / 1000
= 0.1125 mol
1 mol H2SO4 Ξ 2 mol NaOH
0.1125 mol H2SO4 Ξ 0.1125 X 2 mol NaOH
1
= 0.225 mol NaOH
V NaOH = (n x 1000) / M
= 158.45 ml
 EXAMPLE
EXERCISE – 362 1.2

An iron ore sample weighing 0.9132 g is dissolved in acid,

the iron is obtained as Fe2+. This solution is then titrated
with 28.72 ml of 0.05051 M K2Cr2O7(aq). What is the %
Fe by mass in the ore sample?
Fe2+ + Cr2O72–  Fe3+ + Cr3+ (not balanced)

Oxidation : 6 Fe2+  6 Fe3+ + 6 e -

Reduction : 6 e - + 14 H+ + Cr2O72–  2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O
Overall : 14 H+ + 6 Fe2+ + Cr2O72–  6 Fe3+ + 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O
 n Cr2O72– = MV / 1000
= (0.05051) (28.72) / 1000
= 1.451 x 10-3 mol
1 mol Cr2O72– Ξ 6 mol Fe2+
1.451 x 10-3 mol Cr2O72– Ξ 1.451 x 10-3 X 2 mol Fe2+
1
= 8.706 x 10-3 mol Fe2+
n Fe2+ = n Fe = 8.706 x 10-3 mol
Mass Fe = mol x molar mass
= 8.706 x 10-3 mol x 55.9 g/mol
= 0.4867 g

Actual Yield 0.4867 g

% Yield = x 100 = x 100 = 53.30 %
Theoretical Yield 0.9132 g
 Exercise 12
EXERCISE
How many milliliters of 0.112 M HCl will react exactly with
the sodium carbonate in 21.2 mL of 0.150 M Na2CO3
according to the following equation?
2HCl(aq)+Na2CO3(aq) 2NaCl(aq)+CO2(g) +H2O(l)

MATTER 70
Answer : 56.8 mL
 EXERCISE
EXAMPLE – 352 1.2

A 16.42 mL volume of 0.1327 M KMnO4 is needed to

oxidize 20.00 mL of a FeSO4 solution in an acidic
medium. What is the concentration of the FeSO4
solution?
Fe2+ + MnO4–  Mn2+ + Fe3+
5Fe2+ + MnO4– + 8H+  Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

ANS:
0.545 M
 EXERCISE
EXAMPLE – 363 1.2

A 0.376 g sample an iron ore is dissolved in acid, the iron

reduced to Fe2+, and then titrated with 41.25 mL of
0.02140 M KMnO4. Determine the % Fe by mass in the
iron ore.
Hint: Fe2+ + MnO4–  Fe3+ + Mn2+ (not balanced)

ANS:
65.4% Fe
 EXERCISE 4
A solution containing Fe 2+ ions is titrated with K2Cr2O7
solution in acidic condition. Fe 2+ ions are oxidized to Fe 3+
ions Cr2O7 2- ions are reduced to Cr 3+ ions. 25.00 mL of the
solution that contains Fe 2+ ions is required to titrated with
31.00 mL of 1.85 x 10 -2 M K2Cr2O7 solution.
a) Write a balanced equation for the titration
b) Calculate the concentration of Fe 2+ ions in the solution.

Ans: b) 0.1376 M