Endemic diseases of livestock

and economics importance

Dr.Kedar Karki
 Endemic (epidemiology)

• Endemic diseases are those that are constantly

present within a region or population.In
epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic
(from Greek ἐν en "in, within" and δῆμος demos
"people") in a population when that infection is
constantly maintained at a baseline level in a
geographic area without external inputs.
 Degnala disease in buffaloes.

• Introduction
• Deg Nala disease, which causes necrosis and
gangrene of the dependent parts in cattle and
buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis L.) is known to exist in
Indo-Pakistan, as a number of cases were recorded
stemming from a monsoon rainwater stream in the
area of Murdike (Sheikhpura District), near Nala
Deg in Pakistan (SHIRLAW, 1939).
• A widespread occurrence of the disease has been
reported from rice growing areas of Sheikhupura,
Gujranwala, Gujrat and Siakolt districts of Pakistani
Punjab,Indo-Pakistan (IRFAN, 1971; KALRA et al.,
1972; IRFAN and MAQBOOL, 1986) which caused
considerable economic losses.
 Degnala disease in buffaloes.

• The disease was prevalent from November to

February. The lesions developed only in cattle and
buffaloes fed continuously on rice straw containing
multiple dark specks.
 Signs and lesions
• Severe cases lingered for 1 to 2 months, but in
others the wounds healed within a few weeks. The
diseased animals were invariably weak. Ulcerative
wounds and gangrene developed on the limbs and
other dependent parts of the body. Almost all cases
showed gangrene of the tail, which was shrivelled
and cold to the touch. Invariably, one or both ears
showed signs of dry gangrene.
 Signs and lesions
• In some cases the muzzle and even the tip of the
tongue became gangrenous and was shed. One or
more hooves showed lesions in varying stages of
development. In some cases the affected feet and
legs were swollen up to the knee; hair was denuded
and inflammatory changes set in. Later, wounds
appeared on the coronet, fetlock, pastern, knee and
in the hock region.
 Signs and lesions
• In very advanced cases the lower regions of the
feet become gangrenous. In some cases the
hooves were shed and bones were exposed. The
gangrenous portions of the tail, tips of the ears,
tongue and other affected parts of the body,
dropped off, although wounds healed in the course
of time.
What´s in other south Asian
countries?
• There is evidence that during 1960-70s the
veterinarians in Punjab area of Pakistan and India
again discussed about this disease. In 1973 the rice
straw from disease area of Punjab Ludhiana of
India was found to be infected with fungus Fusarium
SPP tested in kyu surrey laboratory of UK.
• The investigators have claimed that due to feeding
to fungus infected feed and straw, the toxin
produced during metabolism is the cause of disease
and symptoms in buffaloes. In present context
above mentioned disease is not only prevalent in
vicinity of Deg River but also prevalent in all those
areas where buffaloes are kept fed with rice straw.
In India this disease is seen annually in Panjab,
Hariyana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Bihar,
Bengal, Jharkhand, chhatisgad states.
• In Nepal Degnala disease was first reported in 1988
in Banke district but epidemic outbreak was in 2000
AD in Jhapa, Morang, Sunsari, Siraha, Saptari,
Banke, and Bardia districts. Again this time after 12
yrs(2068B.S) this disease is reappeared in above
mentioned districts of Nepal situation is not different
in other countries in this region and winter rain is
responsible for it.
• During this period a total of 640 cases were
recorded in 5 villages of the four districts. Of these
170 were buffaloes and 17 were cattle (local). Of
the buffaloes which showed lesions, 45 were young,
39adult; 55 were males and 58 were females.
• Fungi isolated from infested rice straw. Although 22
different species of fungi were isolated from the
samples of rice straw, the most frequently recorded
were: Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata,
Fusarium avenaceum, Mucor hiemalis, Fusarium
oxysporum, Fusarium fusarioides, Cladosporium
cladosporioides, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium
notatum.
 Pathogenesis-Factor

• The cause of symptoms in this disease has been

thoroughly studied by this columnist during his
Master degree in veterinary medicine. The
mycotoxin produced by the metabolism of Fusariam
fungus dissolves the collagen and elastin into
collagenase and elastinase respectively. As a result
in the dependent parts of ear, tail, foot blood supply
is obstructed and ultimately tissue die of anoxia. In
addition to this toxin severely affects liver, lungs,
heart, and kidney.
Treatment and Control

 If possible avoid feeding of desiccated straw

 Feed properly dried straw and feed half quantity.
Give adequate supplementation of green fodder
and tree fodder.
 Treat the infected with sodium hydroxide @ 1% for
20kg straw.
 A penta-sulphate mixture (Ferrous sulphate 166 g,
copper sulphate 24 g, zinc sulphate 75 g, cobalt
sulphate 15 g and magnesium sulphate 100 g ) at
the rate of 60 g (1st day) orally, followed by 30 g
daily for 10 days.
 Antidegnala liquid @ 10ml orally for 10 days.
• Mineral mixture and probiotics should be given
along with straw.
 Khari– A Review.

• Introduction
• Since 1983-1984, First time a mystrious disease
was reported by field veterinarian (Karki H.C) in
district of Darchula with some chalkey dust coming
down from hoof of animal especially during the
month of january to july in specific area some kind
of symptom begin to appear adjoining district with
same symptoms in same seasons.
• As per symptom shown by diseased animal, the
entity was just for the sake of record was name
Khari or chaukhori in local dilitices.
 Symptoms of disease when in occure

• Denuation of hair at tail twitch. Rough coat.

Lethargic Inappeatance Unconscious movement.
Fore part leg at scapula region bow shaped
shoulder Rest on knee. Chalky powder drops
from hoof. Rocker shaped foot, which enables to
normal movement. Mortaility in some cases. After
change in season disease suspress itself (Nirmal
B.K. et. al. 2000).
Literature review regarding the
treatment up till now.
• Observational study seem to conducted in year
1992 in affected animals of the diseases in area
was record as malnutritation, scabies, some
abnormality supposed to be mycotic effect and
unbalance management was presumed (Ratala
et.et 1992) In year 1994 experimental study
ivermectin was used with 75% recovery (Ratala
et.al) Blood analysis of effected animals showed
Eosinophillia, increased monocytes but there was
decreased in Lymphocytes.
Literature review regarding the
treatment up till now.
• Laboratory culture of feed fodder and grasses were
found to be affected with Aspergillosis spp of
fungus, and Fusarium. spp too. Skin scrapping
sample on laboratory examination reviled the
scabies, scabies, lice infestation were recorded. At
the same time blood chemistry analysis reveled
phosphorus deficiency. (Singh et. al 1996). On the
basis of above study until how till today's treatment
is continue but incidence of disease is still present.
The areas where our attention is not
directed
• On the context of possibility of reoccurrence of
symptoms available literature if reviewed following
assumption can be drawn. In case of chronic
selenium poisoning cases same type of symptoms
can be found (Singh et.al 2003). Such poisoning
may be absorbed in the presence of excessive
selenium in soil and when fodder grasses used or
excessive supplementation of selenium in feed (V.K
Roy 2001).
• ). Instead of these there are some plants are found
in pasture which absorbed the selenium from soil
which they don't need but they store on them.
When such grasses were used as fodder pasture
for long time. Animals starts to develop above
symptoms. These plants in natural condition,
appear in particular, climatic condition and season
which creates a favorable condition to this entity to
appear in Buffaloes.
• This is the reason this disease appear in specific
geographical region and climatic condition of
season (V.K.Roy 2001) On post-mortal finding from
dead animal due to this disease revealed coriander
like smell, atrophy of heart cirrhosis of river and
pathological changes in rumen, Intestine and kidney
is also suggestive of this disease (Varshneya et.al
2002)
 Diagnosis of disease
• Mainly pre-history of animal, whether animal had
been fed the plant able to store selenium. Coriander
like smell from dead body tissue, suggest the
subacute to acute condition. Analysis of presence of
selenium in different organ and its concentration like
in blood 1-25 ppm. Liver kidney 4-25 ppm urine 0.1-
8 ppm, in milk 3 ppm of present may suggest and
confirm the disease (Varshneya et. al 2002)
 Treatment:

• Saline purgative to remove selenium from large

and small intestine by causing diarrhea. Arsanalic
acid 50-100 ppm containing mineral mixture if given
to sick animal will help to remove excessive
selenium through urine (V.K Roy 2001)
 Prevention:

• Selenium storing grasses should be avoided.

High quality protein diet should be given it help the
animal from possible toxic effect of selenium.
(Varshneya et. al 2002)
 Cerebrospinal nematodiasis in
Goat:Kumri
• Seasonal occurrence (mainly in(July- October) of a
disease syndrome locally called 'Kumri' meaning
weak back was observed in goats in Banke and
other districts of western Terai in the last few
years(2044BS). Traumatic injury to the lumbar
region, nutritional deficiencies and parasitism in the
spinal cord were the likely causes
considered. Posterior paralysis (KUMRI) in goat is
being considerd to be caused by a filarial parasite
Setaria.Setaria labiato papillosa(syn.Setaria digita,).
• Setaria cervi normally occurs in the peritoneal cavity
of cattle,buffaloes and deer.The parasite in the
peritoneal cavity of these animals is not generallt
pathogenic.However, the immature forms in non-
natural hosts like sheep and goats causes
cerebrospinalnematodiasis (Posterior Paralysis
Kumri) with different neurological signs which is
often fetal.
• The second stage of microfilariae are ingested by
mosquito in which development of 3rd stage
microfilaria takes place.These microfilaria are
transmitted from mosquito to other animal by bite.In
nono-natural host,after bite,micrifilaria may enter
the spinal cord or the central nervous system
leading to clinical manifestations of paralytic signs.
The disease mostly occurs in the end of summer
and autumn.(E.J.L.Soulsby., O.M. Radiostitis D.C.
Blood C.C.Gay:A.K.Upadhyaya;Karki et.al).
• Goats above six months of age were mostly
affected. Typical clinical signs in affected goats
were paralysis of one or both hind limbs, paralysis
of Lumber region in Coordination and survey back
gait. When hand fed affected animal seat normally
and there was no systematic involvement,(no rise in
Temperature diarrhea) with morbidity 15.20% and
mortality 2-15% were recorded.
• On treatment with diethylecarbamzan 10mg/kg
affected animal disease entity disappear with 5-7
days, But there was 2-5% post recovery deformity
was recorded (Karki 1996). On treatment with
diethylecarbamzan 10mg/kg affected animal
disease entity disappear with 5-7 days, But there
was 2-5% post recovery deformaty was recorded
(Karki 1996).Adult Setaria male female collected
from cattle buffalo (Karki et.al.2000).
• The microfilaria in circulation were found to be
eliminated by oral administration of
diethylcarbamezine citrate, indicating its usefulness
as potent anti-micro filarial drugs. Prevalence of
Lumber paralysis caused by cerebrospinal
nematodiasis is common in goats all over India
mainly during the month of July-October with
morbidity as high as31%.Prophylatic treatment with
Hetrazen(diethylcarbamazine at the onset of winter
is highly effective for control of lumber paralysis in
goat(P.Ghalsasi et.al 2000).
LANTANA POISONING IN
CATTLE:Sukhariya
CLINICAL-POSTMORTEM-PIC
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