The

Characteristics,
Processes, and
Ethics of Research
Content: Nature of Inquiry and Research
Content The learner demonstrates
Standard: understanding of the
characteristics,
processes, and ethics
of research.
Performance The learner is able to:
Standard: use appropriate kinds of
research in making
decisions.
Learning The learner describes the
Competency: characteristics,
processes, and ethics
of research.
Code: CS_RS11-IIIa-3
How important is
research to our
life?
Activity 1
A Picture that
Paints a Thousand
Words
•Is research
applicable in these
situations?
•How do you define
research?
 MEANING
• RESEARCH is defined as the
scientific investigation of
phenomena which includes
collection, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of
facts that lines an individual‘s
speculation with reality.
ACTIVITY 2.a. I Am Not I Am!

ACTIVITY 2.b. Next in Line!

 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. Can research be done without
considering the personal experience and
direct observations of the researcher?
NO
EMPIRICAL
• Research is based on direct
experience or observation by the
researcher.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
2. Can research be done successfully if
systematic and accepted procedures and
principles are observed and followed?
YES
LOGICAL
• Research is based on valid
procedures and principles.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
3. Can research be done in a cycle?
YES
CYCLICAL
• Research is a cyclical process
because it starts with a problem and
ends with a problem.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
4. Can research use any procedure even if it
is new and untested?
NO
ANALYTICAL
• Research utilizes proven analytical
procedures in gathering the data,
whether historical, descriptive, and
experimental and case study.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
5. Can research give careful and accurate
judgment?
YES
CRITICAL
• Research exhibits careful and
precise judgment.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
6. Can research be conducted without a
method?
NO
METHODICAL
• Research is conducted in a
methodical manner without bias
using systematic method and
procedures.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
7. Can research design or procedure be
repeated over and over again?
YES
REPLICABILITY
• The research design and procedures
are replicated or repeated to enable
the researcher to arrive at valid and
conclusive results.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1.Empirical
2.Logical
3.Cyclical
4.Analytical
5.Critical
6.Methodical
7.Replicability
RESEARCH PROCESS
 RESEARCH PROCESS
Select a
General
Problem
 Factors to Consider in Selecting a
Research Problem
1. Researcher‘s area of interest
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator‘s ability and
training
 RESEARCH PROCESS
Select a
General
Problem
 RESEARCH PROCESS
Select a Review the
General Literature of
Problem the Problem
 RESEARCH PROCESS
Select a Specific
Review the
Select a General Research Problem,
Literature of the
Problem Question, or
Problem
Hypothesis
 RESEARCH PROCESS
Select a Specific
Review the
Select a General Research Problem,
Literature of the
Problem Question, or
Problem
Hypothesis

Collect Data
 RESEARCH PROCESS
Select a Specific
Review the
Select a General Research Problem,
Literature of the
Problem Question, or
Problem
Hypothesis

Analyze and
Present or Display Collect Data
Data
 RESEARCH PROCESS
Select a Specific
Review the
Select a General Research Problem,
Literature of the
Problem Question, or
Problem
Hypothesis

Analyze and
Interpret the
Present or Display Collect Data
Findings
Data
 RESEARCH PROCESS
Select a Specific
Review the
Select a General Research Problem,
Literature of the
Problem Question, or
Problem
Hypothesis

Analyze and
Interpret the
Present or Display Collect Data
Findings
Data

State Conclusions
or Generalizations
regarding the
Problem
ETHICS IN
RESEARCH
 Ethics in Research
• Ethics generally is considered to deal
with beliefs about what is right or
wrong, proper or improper, good or
bad.
• According to a dictionary definition
(Webster‘s, 1968), to be ethical is to
conform to accepted professional
practice.
 Ethical Principles in Research
1. Informed Consent (Voluntary Participation)
The participants must be fully informed about the nature
of research, its purposes and potential risks and benefits.
2. Beneficence and Non-maleficence
This is a fundamental ethical principle in research, which
means “to do good” and “to do no harm”.
3. Privacy, Anonymity and Confidentiality
4. Integrity
5. Justice and Fairness
6. Intellectual Honesty and Respect
7. Autonomy – making own decisions
8. Responsibility
 Areas of Academic Misconduct
1. Plagiarism
2. Fabrication and falsification
3. Non-publication of data
4. Faulty data-gathering procedures
5. Poor data storage and retention
6. Misleading authorship
7. Sneaky publication practices
 Unethical Practices in conducting
Research
1. Deceiving a respondent about the true purpose of a
study
2. Asking a respondent questions that cause him or her
extreme embarrassment; guilt emotional turmoil by
remaining him or her of an unpleasant experience
3. Invading the privacy of a respondent
4. Studying the respondents or research subjects
without their knowledge
5. When analyzing the data—revealing only part of the
facts, presenting facts out of context, falsifying
findings or offering misleading presentation such as
lying with statistics
 Why is Research
Ethics Important?