Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Polar as oxygen or nitrogen atoms exert a strong pull on shared electrons. Hence, making
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. these groups hydrophilic
3.2 Characteristic chemical groups help
determine the properties of organic
compounds
Eg. of similar compounds that differ only in
functional groups is sex hormones.
– Male and female sex hormones differ only in functional
groups.
– The differences cause varied molecular actions.
– The result is distinguishable features of males and
females.
Testosterone Estradiol
3.3 Cells make a huge number of large
molecules from a small set of small
molecules
4 classes of molecules important to organisms:
– carbohydrates
– proteins
– lipids
– nucleic acids
Dehydration
Hydrolysis
Short polymer Monomer Longer polymer
Dehydration reaction
forms a new bond
Longer polymer
dehydration hydrolysis
synthesis
Which picture
represents…
Is water
removed or
added?
Are polymers or
monomers
formed?
CARBOHYDRATES
Monosaccharides are
– the main fuels for cellular work
– used as raw materials to manufacture other organic
molecules.
Glucose Fructose
(an aldose/ (a ketose/
aldehyde sugar) ketone sugar)
3.6 CONNECTION: What is high-fructose
corn syrup, and is it to blame for obesity?
4 1
3 2
Maltose
Disaccharide formation by a dehydration reaction
3.7 Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar
units
Polysaccharides are
– macromolecules
– polymers composed of thousands of monosaccharides.
Glucose
monomer
Glycogen granules
in muscle
tissue Glycogen
Hydrogen bonds
Cellulose
molecules
Polysaccharides
Starch granules
in potato tuber cells Starch
• Highly branched
• Stored as granules in liver and
muscle cells Glucose
monomer
Glycogen granules
in muscle
tissue Glycogen
Hydrogen bonds
Cellulose
molecules
Polysaccharides
Starch granules
in potato tuber cells Starch
• A polymer of glucose
• Monomers are linked Glucose
in a different
orientation monomer
Glycogen granules
in•muscle
Arranged parallel and cellulose
tissue Glycogen
molecules are joined by hydrogen
bonds, forming cable-like
microfibrils
Cellulose microfibrils Cellulose
in a plant cell wall
Hydrogen bonds
Cellulose
molecules
Polysaccharides
3.7 Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units
0.5 µm
1 µm
Amylose Glycogen
Amylopectin
Fatty acid
(palmitic acid)
Glycerol
3.8 Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-
storage molecules
Some fatty acids contain double bonds, forming
unsaturated fats that
– have one fewer hydrogen atom on each carbon of the
double bond
– cause kinks or bends in the carbon chain
– prevent them from packing together tightly and
solidifying at room temperature
– Eg. corn and olive oils.
Structural formula of a
fat molecule
cis double
bond causes
bending.
3.9 Phospholipids and steroids are important
lipids with a variety of functions
Fatty acids
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tails
Cholesterol, a steroid.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Testosterone Estradiol