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GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
3. use the gas laws to determine pressure, volume, or temperature of a gas under
certain conditions of change
5. use Dalton’s law of partial pressures to relate mole fraction and partial pressure
of gases in a mixture
HOMEWORK
K_L_ _N
M_L L_L I_E_S
T__R
M_L_S
GAS LAWS
Gas laws are now explained by the
microscopic behavior of gas molecules.
Pressure is force per unit area, calculated by dividing the force by the area on which the
force acts.
P = F
A
The earth's gravity acts on air molecules to create a force, that of the air pushing on the
earth. This is called atmospheric pressure. The SI unit though, is the pascal.
PRESSURE DEVICES
Digital barometer Gas Manometer
Old barometer
With Mercury
Digital
Sphygmomanometer
Sphygmomanometer
McLeod gauge
PRESSURE
1 atmosphere (atm) is the average pressure at sea level. It is normally used as a
standard unit of pressure. For laboratory work the atmosphere is very large. A more
convenient unit is the torr.
Conversions:
101,325 pascals = 1 atm
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
1 atm = 14.70 psi
1 atm = 1.013 bar
1 atm = 760 torr
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
1 torr = 1 mm Hg
A torr is the same unit as the mm Hg (millimeter of mercury). It is the pressure that is
needed to raise a tube of mercury 1 millimeter. PSI stands for “pounds force per square
inch”.
UNDERSTANDING GAS LAW
The balloon used by Charles in his historic flight in 1783 was filled with about 1300 mole
of H2. If the outside temperature was 21 oC and the atmospheric pressure was 750 mm
Hg, what was the volume of the balloon?
equation 4: V ∝ T
As the volume goes up, the temperature also goes up, and vice-versa.
CHARLES’ LAW
The gas was held at constant pressure. What is the final volume of the gas at 4.5 K, if
its initial volume was recorded at 340 mL at 3.1 K. Express the final volume in liters.
Solution:
V1/T1 = V2/T2 (340 mL) = (V2) V2 = (340 mL) (3.1K)
(3.1 K) (4.5 K) (4.5 K)
Given Required: T2 = ?
P1 = 1 atm Solution:
T1 = 20 ° C = 293.15 K P1/T1 = P2/T2 P2 = (1 atm/ 293.15 K) x (303.15 K)
T2 = 30 ° C = 303.15 K P2 = (P1/T1) / T2 P2 = 1.03 atm
AVOGADROS’ LAW
The Volume Amount Law. This law
gives the relationship between
volume and amount when pressure
and temperature are held
constant. Remember amount is
measured in moles. Also, since
volume is one of the variables, that
means the container holding the gas is
flexible in some way and can expand
or contract.
AVOGADROS’ LAW
If the amount of gas in a container is increased, the volume increases. If the amount of
gas in a container is decreased, the volume decreases. It is expressed as
As the pressure goes up, the temperature also goes up, and vice-versa.
Also same as before, initial and final volumes and temperatures under constant pressure
can be calculated.
IDEAL GAS LAW
The previous laws all assume that the gas being
measured is an ideal gas, a gas that obeys them all
exactly. But over a wide range of temperature,
pressure, and volume, real gases deviate slightly from
ideal. Since, according to Avogadro, the same
volumes of gas contain the same number of moles,
chemists could now determine the formulas of
gaseous elements and their formula masses.
If density (d) = m/ V ; thus the ideal gas law can also be expressed as
This equation provides a convenient way of determining the formula weight of a gas if
mass, temperature, volume and pressure of the gas are known (or can be determined).
UNDERSTANDING GAS LAW
The balloon used by Charles in his historic flight in 1783 was filled with about 1300 mole
of H2. If the outside temperature was 21 oC and the atmospheric pressure was 750 mm
Hg, what was the volume of the balloon?
A 0.1000 g sample of a compound with the empirical formula CHF2 is vaporized into a
256 mL flask at a temperature of 22.3 oC. The pressure in the flask is measured to be
70.5 torr. What is the molecular formula of the compound?
given: P 70.5 torr = 0.0928 atm Required: MM = ?
V 256 mL = 0.256 L
g 0.1 g
R 0.0821 L-atm/mol-K
T 22.3 C = 295.3 K
EM of CHF2 = 51.0 g/ mol
Solution:
MM = gRT/PV = (0.1 g) x (0.0821 L-atm/mol-K) x 295.3 K
(0.0928 atm) x (0.256 L)
MM = 102 g/ mol
Molar ratio = 102/51 = 2 moles, thus the molecular formula with be C2H2F4
UNDERSTANDING GAS LAW
Compare the density of He and air (with average MM = 28 g/mole) at 25.0 oC and 1.00
atm.
given: MM of He = 4.003 g/mol R = 0.0821 L-atm / mole-K
MM of air = 28.0 g/mol T = 25 oC = 298 K
Required: compare the density
Solution:
density = MM (P) / R (T)
Partial pressures are useful when gases are collected by bubbling through water
(displacement). The gas collected is saturated in water vapor which contributes to the
total number of moles of gas in the container.
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
A flask contains a mixture of 1.24 moles of hydrogen gas and 2.91 moles of oxygen gas.
If the total pressure is 104 kPa, what is the partial pressure of each gas in kPa?
First, the mole fraction of each gas can be determined. Then, the partial pressure can be calculated by
multiplying the mole fraction by the total pressure.
XH2 (mole fraction H2) = 1.24 mol = 0.299 XO2 (mole fraction O2) = 2.91 mol = 0.701
4.15 mol 4.15 mol
Since: X H2 = P H2
PT
P H2 = 0.299 × 104 kPa =31.1 kPa P O2 = 0.701 × 104 kPa = 72.9 kPa
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
The pressure of a mixture of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen is 150 kPa. What is the partial
pressure of oxygen if the partial pressures of the nitrogen and carbon dioxide are 100 kPa and 24 kPa,
respectively?
For this example, you can simply plug the numbers into the equation and solve for the unknown
quantity.
Poxygen = 26 kPa
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
A sample of H2 was prepared in the laboratory by the reaction:
Mg(s) + 2 HCl (aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
456 mL of gas was collected at 22.0 oC. The total pressure in the flask was 742
torr. How many moles of H2 were collected? The vapor pressure of H2O at 22.0 oC is
19.8 torr.
Required: moles of H2
Solution: nH2 = PH2 V/ RT (based on equation 16)
= (0.9503 atm) (0.456 L) = 0.0179 moles of H2
(0.0821 L-atm / mole-K) (295 K)
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1. A 3.80 g of oxygen gas in a pump has volume of 150 mL. constant temperature and
pressure. If 1.20g of oxygen gas is added into the pump. What will be the new volume
of oxygen gas in the pump?
2. A sample of Carbon dioxide in a pump has volume of 20.5 mL and it is at 40.0 oC.
When the amount of gas and pressure remain constant, find the new volume of Carbon
dioxide in the pump if temperature is increased to 65.0 oC.
3. At 655mm Hg and 25.0oC, a sample of Chlorine gas has volume of 750mL. How many
moles of Chlorine gas at this condition?
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
By the late 19th century, scientists had begun accepting the atomic theory of matter started relating it to
individual molecules. The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases comes from observations that scientists
made about gases to explain their macroscopic properties. The following are the basic assumptions of
the Kinetic Molecular Theory:
1. The volume occupied by the individual particles of a gas is negligible compared to the volume of
the gas itself.
2. The particles of an ideal gas exert no attractive forces on each other or on their surroundings.
3. Gas particles are in a constant state of random motion and move in straight lines until they collide
with another body.
4. The collisions exhibited by gas particles are completely elastic; when two molecules collide, total
kinetic energy is conserved.
5. The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly proportional to absolute temperature
only; this implies that all molecular motion ceases if the temperature is reduced to absolute zero.
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
Charles' Law (V T)
The average kinetic energy of the particles in a gas is proportional to
the temperature of the gas. Because the mass of these particles is
constant, the particles must move faster as the gas becomes
warmer. The volume of the gas therefore becomes larger as the
temperature of the gas increases.
Avogadro's Hypothesis (V N)
As the number of gas particles increases, the frequency of collisions
with the walls of the container must increase. This, in turn, leads to
an increase in the pressure of the gas. Thus, the volume of the gas is
proportional to the number of gas particles.
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
The kinetic molecular theory can be used to explain each of the
experimentally determined gas laws.
Gay-Lussac’s Law (P T)
The last postulate of the kinetic molecular theory states that the average
kinetic energy of a gas particle depends only on the temperature of the
gas. Thus, the average kinetic energy of the gas particles increases as the
gas becomes warmer. Because the mass of these particles is constant,
their kinetic energy can only increase if the average velocity of the
particles increases. The faster these particles are moving when they hit
the wall, the greater the force they exert on the wall. Since the force per
collision becomes larger as the temperature increases, the pressure of the
gas must increase as well.
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDNG
TRUE or FALSE
A gas balloon has a volume of 106.0 liters when the temperature is 45.0 °C and the pressure is 740.0 mm of mercury. What will
its volume be at 20.0 °C and 780 .0 mm of mercury pressure??
solution: since it doesn’t say anything about the moles, lets set (n) is constant; we will use
the combined gas law P1 V1 /T1 = P2 V2 /T2 ; T1 = 45 C = 318.15 K and T2 = 20 C + 273.15 = 293.15 K
(740 mmHg) (106.0 L) = (780 mm Hg) (V2)
(318.15 K) (293.15 K)
V2 = 92.66 L
RECAP
GAS LAW DEFINITION DERIVED FORMULA CONSTANT