Compaction of soil

Preapered by:

Zhvan kareem tahr

Walat omer mero
Mohammad ibrahim
 Compaction
Definition: compaction means to press the soil particles to each other by mechanical
method. During compaction air is forced out from voids and hence density
is increased.

it is an instantaneous process in partially saturated/dry soil

by which density in increased by compact!ve efforts.
Objectives of Compaction
► Reduce the settlement of structure.
► Improve the shear strength of soil & thus increase the bearing
capacity.
► Reduce the shrinkage & swelling of soils.
► Increase the factor of safety against possible slope failure of
embankments and earth dams.
Results Of Poor Compaction

Basement and Pool Slab Cracks Pipe Leakage

Cracks and Leaks and Breaks

Foundation Erosion Under Abutments Utility Trench

s Erosion Gullies Settling
1- amount of compaction
2- type of soil
3-water content
4-method of compaction
5- admixture
ADMIXTURE
■ The compaction characteristic of soil are improved by
adding other
materials known as admixture. The most commonly used
admixtures,
are lime, cement, bitumen.
■ Dry density achieved depends upon type and amount of
admixture
 Diffrence between compaction and consolidation
Compaction Consolidation
1) It is a instant process 1} It is a slow process
2}lt is an artificial process 2)lt is a natural process
3}Dynamic loading are applied 3]Static load are applied

4] Compaction is due to expulsion and compression 4} Consolidation is due to expulsion of pore water
of air in soil mass from voids
Field Compaction

► Methods of field compaction

- Kneading
- Static weight
- Vibration
- Impact
- Explosives
Equipments For Field Compaction
► Sheep's foot rollers/Tamping rollers/modified tamping rollers
► Smooth wheel rollers
► Pneumatic tired rollers
► Vibrating rollers
► Rammers/Plate Compactor
Sheep’s foot rollers

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Sheep's foot roller
Suitable for compacting all fine grained materials (Cohesive).
► The pads on a sheep foot drum penetrate through the top lift and
actually compact the lift below.
► When the drum rotates the pads out of the soil, they kick up the
material because of their shape.
► Speed: 4 to 6 mph.
► 6 to 10 passes will be required to compact 8 inch clay lift.
 Sheep's foot roller
► The contact pressure may range: 1500-7500 kN/m 2 .
► Ideally suited for working soil that have moisture contents above
the acceptable moisture range.
► The sheep foot roller does not adequately compact the upper 2 to
3 inch of lift, and should be followed by a lighter pneumatic tired or
steel wheeled roller.

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 Smooth wheel rollers
► Smooth wheel rollers are suitable for proof-rolling sub grades and
for finishing the construction of fills with sandy or clayey soils.
► This rollers provide 100% coverage under the wheels, and the
contact pressure can be as high as 300-400 kN/m 2 .
► The only short coming of this rollers is, it do not produce uniform
unit weight of compaction when used on thick layers.

► 27
Smooth wheel rollers

Steel Drum

Effort wheel
Vibrating Rollers

Vibratory drum rollers are actuated by an

eccentric shaft that produces the vibratory
action.
The vibrating mass (drum) remains isolated
from the main frame of the roller.
► Vibration normally vary from 1000 to 5000
per min.
► Working speed is 2 to 4 mph.
(best suited speed )
General Principle of compaction
► If a small amount of water is added to a soil that is then
compacted, the soil will have a certain unit weight.
► If the moisture content of the same soil is gradually increased and
the energy of compaction is the same, the dry unit weight of the
soil will gradually increase.
► The reason is that water acts as a lubricant between the soil
particles and under compaction it helps to rearrange the solid
particles into a denser state.
 Dry of Optimum vs. Wet of Optimum Compaction
Characteristics
Property C omparison

1. Structure

A. Particle Arrangement Dry side more random.

B. Water Deficiency Dry side more deficiency therefore imbibe more
water, swell more, have lower pore pressure,
C. Perfor mane e Dry side structure sensitive to change.
2. Perinea bill tv

A. Magnitude Drv mf side more permeable.

B. Performance Diy side permeability reduced much more by
permeation.
 Property Comparison
Compressibility

A. Magnitude Wet side more compressible in low-pressure

range, dry side in high-pressure range.
B. Rate Dry side consolidates more rapidly.
C\ Rebound Wet side rebound per compression greater.
Strength

A. As Molded
a. Undrained Dry side much higher.
b. Drained Diy side somewhat higher.
B. After Saturation
a, Un drained Dry side somewhat higher if swelling prevented; wet
side can be higher if swelling permitted. Diy
side about the same or slightly greater.
b, Drained
C. Pore Water Pressure at
Failure Wet side higher.
D. Stress-Strain Modulus Diy side much greater.
E. Sensitivity Diy side more apt to be sensitive.
Dynamic Compaction

Drop
Height
Dynamic Compaction
► Densification by repeatedly dropping heavy weight.
► The densification effect can be up to 10 m.
► Weight of 6 T to 30T dropping from a height of 10 m to 25 m.
► Produce large ground vibrations which will travel significant
distances.
► Suitable for coarse grained pervious soil.
► Give better result for soil above water table.
► Saturated impervious soil give poor results.
 Thank you
Any question?