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Fundamental Objectives of EIA
EIS
Environmental
Mitigation Preparation
Audit
and Review
Screening
Done to see whether the project needs an EIA for clearance
or not.
Scoping
Involves determination of the extent of EIA required for the
project.
Baseline Data Gathering
Gives a holistic picture of the overall environmental setting of
the project location showing any potentially critical
environmental changes and information about the site.
The following environmental parameters are usually
considered while preparing the baseline data:
(a) Site location and topography.
(b) Regional demography.
(c) Regional landmarks.
(d) Geology
(e) Hydrology
(f) Meteorology
(g) Ecology
Impact Identification
It includes the details of project characterization and base-line
environmental characteristics to ensure the identification of
full range of environmental impacts.
Various methods employed for impact identification are as
follows:
(a) Checklists
(b) Matrices
(c) Quantitative Method
Impact Prediction
Here the magnitude and other dimensions of changes
associated with the project are identified in comparison with
a situation without the project.
Involves identification of potential change in the indicators of
various environmental factors.
The two important models of impact prediction are:
(a) Mathematical Model
(b) Mass Balance Model
Impact Evaluation
After prediction of the impacts, their relative significance is
assessed
To determine magnitude of the impact, temporal and spatial
extent of the impact, recovery (resilience) of the affected
environment, and the value of the affected environment.
Most important method- cost benefit analysis.
Mitigation
Done to avoid, reduce and if possible, remedy the significant
adverse change.
Various mitigation measures could be as follows:
(a) Avoidance of Impacts
(b) Reduction of adverse effects
(c) Repair or restoration
(d) Compensation for adverse effect
Decision Analysis
Individual decision or group response are used
In order to have minimum bias, group response is usually taken.
Commonly used approach - multi-step questionnaire based
Delphi approach.
EIS Preparation
It should include the following five major aspects
(a) The environmental impact of the proposed action.
(b) The adverse impact that cannot be avoided if the
development occurs.
(c) Alternatives to the proposed action.
(d) Relation between the local short-term use of human
environment and maintenance of long-term production.
(e) Irreversible changes in resources.