Tolerances Training

Contents
•Introduction
•Fits
•Tolerancing
•Tolerances
•Modifiers
Tolerances Training

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING & TOLERANCING

ANSI Y14.5M – R1988 STANDARD

History:
•Since 1900
•Widely used during WW2
•Automotive Industry
•Standardisation 1982

Guide to GD&T– Variants Still Allowed

Tolerances Training GD&T

Whys?

•Define the GEOMETRY of the part precisely

•Communicate the product Function & Design Relationship

•Process Variation

Engg. Intent – Dimension &Tolerance

Tolerances Training Dimensioning

• Defines the SIZE of a feature

• Defines the LOCATION of a feature

Dimension

Basic Size Size Limit

12 H7
 12 +0.018/0.000
 12.018 / 12.000

Function defines Tolerance, Tolerance defines Process

 Tolerances Training Fits
Interference Fit Transition Fit
Shaft Shaft
Hole Shaft
Hole Zero Line Zero Line
Shaft

•Press – For Non Fe – Allows removal •Clearance – Very Small Clearance

•Drive - For Fe Medium , Non Fe Light – Allows removal •True - Zero Clearance , Slight Interference tolerated
•Force/Shrink – High Interference •Interference – Slight Interference
H6/p5 , H7/p6 H6/j5 , H7/j6 , H8 /j7
H6/r5 , H7/r6 , H6/s5 , H7 / s6 H6/k5 , H7/k6 , H6/k7
H6/u5 , H7/u6 H6 /m5 ,H7/m6 , H8/m7

Location & Assembly Fit Running & Sliding Fit

Hole Zero Line
Hole Zero Line
Shaft Shaft

•Stationary parts •Precision – Small Clearance - Location

•Location – Precision / Close /Normal/Loose • Close Running - Shafts
•Assembly – Slack / Positional Fit • Normal Running – Large Shafts , Brgs
•Loose Running – Medium clearance Pulleys,PBs
H6/h5 , H6/h6 •Slack/Positional – Large Clearance - Not used
H7/h6 ,H7/h7
H6/g5 , H7/g6
H8/h7 , H8/h8
H6/f65 , H7/f7 ,
H9/h8 , H9 / h9
H7/e7 , H8 / e8
H11/h9 , H11/h11
H8/d8 , H8/d9
H8/b9 , H8/a9

Hole Based System

Tolerances Training Tolerancing

Bilateral Tolerances :
•20 +/-0.018
•20 +0.013 / - 0.015
Unilateral tolerances :
•20 +0.018 /0
•20 –0.012/-0.016
Tolerances Training Tolerance Stack up
15+/-0.2 10+/-0.2 8+/-0.2 10+/-0.2 Chain Method:
• Point to Point
• Shifting reference
•Cumulative effect on tolerance

28+/-0.6

43+/-0.2
33+/-0.2
25+/-0.2 Base Line Method:
15+/-0.2 • Single Reference
• Reduced cumulative effect on tolerance

28+/-0.4

33+/-0.2
25+/-0.2
15+/-0.2 Direct Method:(Combination)
• Direct Reference
• Least cumulative effect on tolerance

28+/-0.4

Tolerance stack – Proper dimensioning key

Tolerances Training

Tolerances

Form •Limits deviation of an individual parameter from it geometrically ideal form

Profile •Same as Form

Position •Limits the deviation of the relative position of two or more parameters

Process •Limits the deviation of a “ Fundamental”parameter ( Like Temp, Pressure Time

Function defines Tolerance, Tolerance defines Process

Tolerances Training Types

Straightness

Flatness
Form
Circularity

Cylindricity

Profile of a Line Angularity

Profile
Profile of a Surface Perpendicularity

Parallelism
Orientation
Position
Location True Position

Concentricity
Circular Run - Out
Run Out Symmetry
Total Run - out

5 Types
Tolerances Training Modifiers

“Modifiers”
•Modify the specified tolerance
•Influence the tolerance zone
•Defined by the function

Common Modifiers

M MMC - Maximum Material Condition

L LMC – Least Material Condition S Spherical Diameter

R Radius
RFS S Regardless of Feature Size
SR Spherical Radius
Reference

Always look at the mating part

Tolerances Training Notations

25 Nominal Dimension

A Datum Symbol

Reference Datum

0.02 A Datum ( When required)

Toleranced Element/Parameter Tolerance Symbol

Tolerance Symbol

Axis as Datum Surface Line as Datum

 Tolerances Training Feature Control Frame

Size of Tolerance Zone Primary Datum

Shape of Tolerance Zone Secondary Datum

Position Tolerance Zone Symbol Material Condition Modifier

Secondary Datum

0.2 M A B M C Tertiary Datum

Material Condition Modifier

Tolerances Training Modifiers

E=mC2

E=cM2

Function drives Modifiers

Tolerances Training Modifiers

RFS – Regardless of Feature Size

•The tolerance value is unaltered “Regardless of Size” of toleranced parts

Application
•Holes with Zero Clearance
•Shaft /Hole combination for Interference fits

Tolerance Zone does not Change

 Tolerances Training LMC
LMC – Least Material Condition - SIZE conditions
•The Feature of size : It has the Least Material within the size limits specified

Rules:
• External Features – Subtract the tolerance
•Internal Features – Add the tolerance
12 +0.2 / - 0.1
0.2 L A B C

Size Tolerance
20

Actual LMC Position Applied

11.9 12.2 0.2 -0.1
25 12 12.2 0.2 0
B

A
12.1 12.2 0.2 0.1
12.2 12.2 0.2 0.2

Process Control Size Vs Position

Tolerances Training LMC
LMC – Boss & Hole 25 +2
1 L A B C

12 - 0.5
0.2 L A B C

B
60
C

75
25 A
Boss Tol. Zone
1
Hole Tol. Zone
0.2

12

Process Control Size Boss Vs Hole

Tolerances Training Modifiers

MMC – Maximum Material Condition - SIZE conditions

•The Feature of size : It has the Maximum Material within the size limits specified

Rules:
• External Features – Add the tolerance
•Internal Features – Subtract the tolerance

Application
•Clearance holes ( Mounting/Assembly)

Eg; Position Tolerance of the hole increase as the hole size increases

Bonus Zone
Tolerances Training Modifiers at MMC

0.02 M A
0.02 M A
A A

25 0.00/-0.018
18 0.00 /-0.013

18 0.013/0.00
25 0 .02/0.00
Shaft Shaft Pos Tol of Delta of
Feature Dia1 Dia2 SD1 SD2 Allowable
At MMC 25 18 0.02 0 0.02
At LMC 24.982 0.02 0.018 0.038
At Inter 24.99 0.02 0.01 0.03
Bore Bore Pos Tol Delta of
Feature Dia1 Dia2 BD1 BD2 Allowable
At MMC 25 18 0.02 0 0.02
At LMC 25.02 0.02 0.02 0.04
At Inter 25.01 0.02 0.01 0.03

Classic Case- Bell Crank & Sleeve

Tolerances Training Modifiers MMC M On Hole

Datum Hole

+0.1 / 0 10 +0.2 / 0
20
0.2 M A
A

60

0.4
Size Tolerance
Actual MMC Position Allowable
10.2 10 0.1 0.2
Tolerances Training Modifiers at MMC M On Datum

Datum Hole

+0.1 / 0 10 +0.2 / 0
20
0.2 A M
A

60

0.3
Size Tolerance
Actual MMC Position Allowable
20.1 20 0.1 0.15
Tolerances Training Modifiers MMC M On Hole & Datum

Datum Hole

+0.1 / 0 10 +0.2 / 0
20
0.2 M A M
A

60

0.6
Size Size Tolerance
Actual MMC Actual
Datum Datum Hole MMC Hole Position Allowable
20.1 20 10.2 10 0.1 0.3
Tolerances Training Datum

•Origin from which a Location of a feature is defined

• Origin from which the shape of a feature is defined

• Theoretical “Perfect geometry” ( Point , Line or Plane)

Datum Ref. Frame is Theoretical

Tolerances Training Datum

Datum Simulator

A
A
External Datum

Datum Simulator

A Internal Datum

Datum Simulator

Manufacturing & Inspection w.r.t.specified datum

Tolerances Training STRAIGHTNESS 0.21

DEFINITION : Straightness is a condition where the surface or an axis of an element is a straight line.

TOLERANCE ZONE : Straightness tolerance

•Specifies a tolerance zone within which the considered surface/axis or derived median line
must lie.
•Straightness tolerance is applied in the view where the parameter to be controlled is
represented by a straight line.
REFERENCE TO DATUMS : No reference datum
.

MMC, LMC, RFS TO FEATURE : Applicable if the tolerance applies to the axis or center plane of a feature or size.
Not applicable if the toleranced feature is a surface.

MMC, LMC, RFS TO DATUMS : No datum reference

PERFECT FORM AT MMC : Applicable when the tolerance is applied to a surface.

"Perfect from at MMC not required" may be specified.
Especially useful when the part is subject to small deformations under its own weight or internal stresses.

Controls Form of Cylindrical/Conical Surfaces- Applies to Entire Surface

Tolerances Training STRAIGHTNESS 0.21

Straightness: Applied to the Surface Cylinder

•The surface must lie within the specified tolerance zone

•The dimension of perfect form at MMC (1.510).
•Each longitudinal element must lie within two parallel lines 0.002 apart.
Tolerances Training STRAIGHTNESS 0.21

Neck

Barrel

Bow
Tolerances Training STRAIGHTNESS 0.21

Cylinder Liner Tier 2

 Tolerances Training STRAIGHTNESS 0.21

Straightness tolerance is
• Applied in the view where the elements to be controlled are represented by a straight
line.
• Tolerance zone is constrained into the plane of projection of the view where it is called.
•For each linear element on the surface, the tolerance zone of straightness may be
oriented differently, as long as it stays in the correct plane.

Note effect of Size Tolerance

 Tolerances Training STRAIGHTNESS 0.21

Straightness: Applied to a plane surface

Measurement Direction

Direction is in the View

Tolerances Training STRAIGHTNESS 0.21

The tol. notation is attached to a leader line to the surface or to an extension

line of the surface.

Combined Straightness “is” Flatness

Tolerances Training Flatness 0.05

FLATNESS
0.05/100

DEFINITION Flatness is the condition of a surface having all the

elements of which in one plane.

TOLERANCE ZONE The flatness tolerance specifies a tolerance zone defined

by two parallel planes within which the surface must lie.

REFERENCE TO DATUMS No reference datum.

MMC, LMC, RFS TO Not applicable.

FEATURE

MMC, LMC, RFS TO DATUMS Not applicable.No reference datum

PERFECT FORM AT MMC Where the surface under consideration has a size
dimension, the flatness tolerance must be less than the
size tolerance.

Controls Form deviation of plane surfaces – Qualifies surface for primary datum
Tolerances Training Flatness 0.05

•The surface must lie between two parallel

planes 0.25 apart.
•The surface must be within the specified
limits of size.
Tolerances Training Flatness 0.05

Flatness – Primary Datum/Seat/Sealing face

Tolerances Training Flatness 0.05

Datum , Seat Definition

Tolerances Training CIRCULARITY/ROUNDNESS 0.05

DEFINITION Circularity is a condition of a surface of revolution where

a. (For a Cylindrical/Round feature other than a sphere,) all points of the surface
intersected by any plane perpendicular to the axis are equidistant from that axis;
b. For a sphere, all points of the surface intersected by any plane passing through a
common center are equidistant from that center.

TOLERANCE ZONE A circularity tolerance specifies a tolerance zone bounded by two concentric circles
within which each circular element of the surface must lie, and applies independently
at any plane.

REFERENCE TO No reference datum.

DATUMS

MMC, LMC, RFS TO Not applicable.

FEATURE

MMC, LMC, RFS TO Not applicable.No reference datum

DATUMS

PERFECT FORM AT MMC The circularity tolerance must be less than the size tolerance, except for parts subject to
free state variation.

Defines Datum
 Tolerances Training CIRCULARITY/ROUNDNESS 0.05

The tolerance zone of circularity is expressed as the radial difference between two
concentric circles
The circularity tolerance applies at each circular section of the diameter independently
Tolerances Training CIRCULARITY/ROUNDNESS 0.05
Tolerances Training Cylindricity 0.03

DEFINITION Cylindricity is a condition of a surface of revolution in which all points of the surface are
equidistant from a common axis.

TOLERANCE ZONE A Cylindricity tolerance specifies a tolerance zone bounded by two concentric cylinders
within which the surface must lie.

REFERENCE TO No reference datum.

DATUMS

MMC, LMC, RFS TO Not applicable.

FEATURE

MMC, LMC, RFS TO Not applicable.No reference datum

DATUMS

PERFECT FORM AT Applicable. Cylindricity tolerances cannot violate the maximum boundary of perfect form at MMC
MMC of the associated size tolerance.

Application Functional applications that require a true cylinder such as rotating shaft journal
and bearing diameters, pistons and piston bores. Also used to qualify datum
diameters. Used only when the size tolerance does not provide appropriate form
control.

“Combined effect” of Straightness & Roundness

 Tolerances Training Cylindricity 0.03

•The tolerance zone of Cylindricity is made of two concentric cylinders.

•The leader line from the tol. notation may be shown in either view.
Tolerances Training Cylindricity 0.03
Tolerances Training Line Profile 0.1

0.1 A

DEFINITION A profile is the outline of an object in a given plane. The profile tolerance specifies a uniform
boundary along the true profile within which the elements of the line must lie. It is used to
control form or combinations of size, form, orientation, and location.

TOLERANCE ZONE The tolerance zone established by the profile of a line tolerance is two-dimensional, extending
along the length of the considered feature. This applies to the profiles of parts having a varying
cross section, such as the tapered wing of an aircraft, or to random cross sections of parts where
it is not desired to control the entire surface of the feature as a single entity.

REFERENCE TO In most cases, profile of line tolerance requires reference to datum in order to provide proper
DATUMS orientation, location, or both, of the profile. With profile of a line tolerance, datum may be
used under some circumstances but would not be used when the only requirement is the
profile shape taken cross section by cross section. An example is the shape of a continuous
extrusion.

MMC, LMC, RFS TO The specified tolerance can only apply on an RFS basis.
FEATURE

MMC, LMC, RFS TO The datum reference can only apply on an RFS basis.
DATUMS

Application Typically used to control profiles of parts having a varying cross section.
 Tolerances Training Form Tolerance Line Profile

Each line element of the surface between points C and D, at any cross section, must
•Lie between two profile boundaries 0.16 apart in relation to datum planes A and B.
•Be within the specified limits of size.

Effect of Size
Tolerances Training Surface Profile 0.05

0.05 A
DEFINITION A profile is the outline of an object in a given plane. The profile tolerance specifies a uniform
boundary along the true profile within witch the elements of the line must lie. It is used to
control form or combinations of size, form, orientation, and location.

TOLERANCE ZONE The tolerance zone established by the profile of a surface tolerance is three-dimensional,
extending along the length and width (or circumference) of the considered feature or features.

REFERENCE TO Profile of surface tolerance requires reference to datum in order to provide proper orientation,
DATUMS location, or both, of the profile.
With profile of a line tolerance, datum may be used in some circumstances but would not be
used when the only requirement is the profile shape.

MMC, LMC, RFS TO The specified tolerance can only apply on an RFS basis.
FEATURE

MMC, LMC, RFS TO The datum reference can only apply on an RFS basis.
DATUMS

TYPICAL USE Typically used to control parts with a surface of revolution, or castings with surfaces defined
by profile tolerances .
Tolerances Training Surface Profile 0.05

The surface between points D and E must

•Lie between two profile boundaries 0.25 apart.
•Perpendicular to datum plane A,
•Equally disposed about the true profile and positioned
with respect to datum planes B and C.

Note Effect of Size Tolerance

Tolerances Training Surface Profile 0.05

Gen 1 Bell Crank

Tolerances Training Surface Profile 0.05

•Each surface must lie between two common parallel planes 0.08 apart.
•Both surfaces must be within the specified limits of size.
Tolerances Training

Position Tolerance
Tolerances Training Hole Position 0.2

DEFINITION Defines a zone within which the

•Center
• Axis
•Center plane
of feature of size is permitted to vary from a true (theoretically exact) position

TOLERANCE ZONE A position tolerance specifies one of the following:

1. A tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes related to specified datum.
2. A cylindrical tolerance zone related to specified datum, within which the axis of the considered
feature must lie.
3. A spherical tolerance zone related to specified datum, within which the center of the considered
feature must lie.

REFERENCE TO Obligatory with the PLTZF. Optional with the FRTZF.

DATUMS

MMC, LMC, RFS TO Based functional requirements MMC, LMC or RFS, appropriate modifier can be applied on
FEATURE position tolerance.

MMC, LMC, RFS TO Based on functional requirements MMC, LMC or RFS, appropriate modifier can be applied on the
DATUMS datum axis.
Application of MMC, LMC and RFS is limited to features subject to variations in size.
Tolerances Training Hole Position 0.2

ZERO POSITIONAL Where no variations in position is allowed at the MMC limit of size, the feature control frame
TOLERANCE AT contains a zero for the tolerance zone size, modified by the MMC symbol.
MMC

PATTERN- Where composite controls are used, the upper segment is referred to as the pattern-locating
LOCATING control.
TOLERANCE ZONE The PLTZF is located from specified datum by basic dimensions. It specifies the larger
FRAMEWORK positional tolerance for the location of the pattern of features as a group.
(PLTZF)

FEATURE-RELATING The lower segment is referred to as the features-locating control.

TOLERANCE ZONE It governs the smaller positional tolerance for each feature within the pattern (feature-to-
FRAMEWORK feature relationship).
(FRTZF) Where datum references are not specified in the lower segment of the composite feature
control frame, the FRTZF is free to bee located and oriented within the boundaries
established and governed by the PLTZF. If datum are specified in the lower segment, they
govern the orientation of the FRTZF relative to the PLTZF.

TYPICAL USE Typically used to control the location of features in assembly.

0.2 M 0.2 M A B C
0.2 A M B C 0.2 M A M B C
Tolerances Training Hole Position 0.2

Pattern Location - PLTZF

Feature Realtion - FRTZF

The PLTZF (Ø0.8) is located from datum (ABC) by basic dimensions.

It specifies the larger positional tolerance for the location of the pattern of holes as a group.
The lower segment governs the smaller positional tolerance (Ø0.25) (feature-to-feature relationship) within the pattern
.
The FRTZF is free to locate and orient within the boundaries established and governed by the PLTZF.
Datum A governs the orientation (perpendicularity) of the FRTZF.
Tolerances Training Hole Position 0.2

Co- Axial Holes

Pattern Location - PLTZF

Feature Relation Location - FRTZF

Tolerances Training Hole Position 0.2

•C-D Defines X-Axis •E Defines Y-Axis •B Defines Perpendicularity

Gen 1 Bell Crank

Tolerances Training Hole Position 0.2
Tolerances Training Concentricity 0.04 A

DEFINITION The median points of all diametrically opposed elements of a surface of revolution lie on the
same axis (or center point) of a datum feature.

TOLERANCE ZONE A concentricity tolerance is a

Cylindrical (or spherical) tolerance zone whose axis (or center point) coincides with the axis
(or center point) of the datum feature(s).

REFERENCE TO One datum feature (axis or center point).

DATUMS

APPLICABILITY OF The specified tolerance can only apply on an RFS basis.

MMC, LMC, RFS TO
FEATURE

APPLICABILITY OF The datum reference can only apply on an RFS basis.

MMC, LMC, RFS TO
DATUMS

TYPICAL USE Typically used to control ………..

Tolerances Training Position Tolerance Concentricity

Regardless of feature size, ( within size tolerance)

•All median points of diametrically opposed elements of the slot must lie within
Ø0.4 cylindrical tolerance zone.
•The axis of the tolerance zone coincides with the axis of datum feature A.
Tolerances Training Position Tolerance Concentricity

Use Either as Datum

Tolerances Training Position Tolerance Concentricity

Use a Spigot Locator

Tolerances Training Symmetry 0.05 A

DEFINITION The median points of all opposed or correspondingly-located elements of two

or more feature surface lie in the same axis or center plane of a datum
feature.

TOLERANCE A symmetry tolerance is two parallel planes whose axis (or center plane)
ZONE coincides with the axis (or center plane) of the datum feature.

REFERENCE TO One datum feature (center plane).

DATUMS

APPLICABILITY The specified tolerance can only apply on an RFS basis.

OF MMC, LMC,
RFS TO FEATURE

APPLICABILITY The datum reference can only apply on an RFS basis.

OF MMC, LMC,
RFS TO DATUMS
Tolerances Training Symmetry 0.05 A

Regardless of feature size,( within Size Tolerance) all median points of opposed
elements of the slot must
•Lie between two parallel planes 0.8 apart.
•The two parallel planes being equally disposed about datum plane A
Tolerances Training Symmetry 0.05 A

Gen1 Bell Crank

Tolerances Training Position Tolerance Angularity
DEFINITION Condition of a surface, center plane, or axis at a specified angle from a datum plane or axis.

TOLERANCE ZONE A angularity tolerance specifies one of the following:

1. A tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes at the specified basic angle from one or more
datum planes or axis, within which the surface or center plane of the considered feature must lie.
2. A tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes at the specified basic angle from one or more
datum planes or axis, within which the axis ot the considered feature must lie.
3. A cylindrical tolerance zone at the specified basic angle from one or more datum planes or axis,
within which the axis of the considered feature must lie.
4. A tolerance zone defined by two parallel lines at the specified basic angle from one or more
datum planes or axis, within which the line element of the surface must lie.

REFERENCE TO One or more datum features. Relation to more than one datum feature is specified to stabilize
DATUMS the tolerance zone in more then one direction.

MMC, LMC, RFS TO Based on functional requirements MMC, LMC or RFS, appropriate modifier can be applied on
FEATURE angularity tolerance.
Application of MMC, LMC and RFS is limited to features subject to variations in size.

MMC, LMC, RFS TO If the functional requirements of some applications require MMC, LMC or RFS, appropriate
DATUMS modifier can be applied on the datum axis.
Application of MMC, LMC and RFS is limited to features subject to variations in size.

PERFECT Where no variations of angularity at MMC size limit of feature, the feature control frame contains
ANGULARITY AT a zero for the tolerance, modified by the symbol for MMC.
MMC
TYPICAL USE Typically used to control orientation between planes surfaces.
 Tolerances Training Position Tolerance Angularity
Angularity : Applied to Cylindrical Feature

Regardless of feature size,the feature axis must

•Lie within a 0.2 diameter cylindrical zone inclined 60º to datum plane A.
•Be within the specified tolerance of location.
 Tolerances Training Position Tolerance Angularity

Angularity : Applied to Plane Surface

The surface must

•Lie between two parallel planes 0.4 mm apart which are inclined at 30º to datum A.
•Be within the specified limits of size.
Tolerances Training Position Tolerance Perpendicularity
DEFINITION Condition of a surface, center plane, or axis at a right angle to a datum plane or axis.

TOLERANCE ZONE 1. A tolerance zone defined by tow parallel planes perpendicular to a datum plane or
axis, within which the surface or center plane of the considered feature must lie.
2. A tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes perpendicular to a datum axis,
within which the axis ot the considered feature must lie.
3. A cylindrical tolerance zone perpendicular to a datum plane, within which the axis
of the considered feature must lie.
4. A tolerance zone defined by two parallel lines perpendicular to a datum plane or
axis, within which the line element of the surface must lie.
REFERENCE TO One or more datum features. Relation to more than one datum feature is specified to stabilize
DATUMS the tolerance zone in more then one direction.

MMC, LMC, RFS TO Based on the functional requirement MMC, LMC or RFS, appropriate modifier can be
FEATURE applied on perpendicularity tolerance.
Application of MMC, LMC and RFS is limited to features subject to variations in size.

MMC, LMC, RFS TO Based on functional requirements MMC, LMC or RFS, appropriate modifier can be applied on
DATUMS the datum axis.
Application of MMC, LMC and RFS is limited to features subject to variations in size..

PERFECT Where no variations of perpendicularity at MMC size limit of feature, the feature control frame
PEPENDICULARITY contains a zero for the tolerance, modified by the symbol for MMC.
AT MMC
 Tolerances Training Perpendicularity
Perpendicularity : Applied to Plane Surface

•The surface must lie between two parallel planes 0.12 mm apart which are
perpendicular to datum plane.
•The surface must be within the specified limits of size.
 Tolerances Training Perpendicularity
Perpendicularity : Applied to Cylindrical Feature

Regardless of feature size,( within Size Tolerance limits the feature axis must
•Lie within a 0.2 mm diameter cylindrical zone perpendicular to datum axis A.
•Be within the specified tolerance of location.
Tolerances Training
 Tolerances Training
100
Tolerances Training Position Tolerance Parallelism
DEFINITION Condition of a surface, center plane, equidistant at all points from a datum plane; or axis and
equidistant along its length from one or more datum planes or a datum axis.

TOLERANCE ZONE A parallelism tolerance specifies one of the following:

1. A tolerance zone defined by tow parallel planes parallel to a datum plane or axis, within
which the surface or center plane of the considered feature must lie.
2. A tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes parallel to a datum axis, within which the
axis ot the considered feature must lie.
3. A cylindrical tolerance zone parallel to a datum plane, within which the axis of the
considered feature must lie.
4. A tolerance zone defined by two parallel lines parallel to a datum plane or axis, within which
the line element of the surface must lie.

REFERENCE TO One or more datum features. Relation to more than one datum feature is specified to
DATUMS stabilize the tolerance zone in more then one direction.
MMC, LMC, RFS TO Based on functional requirements MMC, LMC or RFS, appropriate modifier can be applied on
FEATURE parallelism tolerance.
Application of MMC, LMC and RFS is limited to features subject to variations in size.

MMC, LMC, RFS TO Based on functional requirements MMC, LMC or RFS, appropriate modifier can be applied on
DATUMS the datum axis.
Application of MMC, LMC and RFS is limited to features subject to variations in size..

PERFECT Where no variations of parallelism at MMC size limit of feature, the feature control frame
PARALLELISM AT contains a zero for the tolerance, modified by the symbol for MMC.
MMC
 Tolerances Training Position Tolerance Parallelism
Parallelism : Applied to Plane Surface

The surface must

•Lie between two parallel planes 0.12 mm apart which are parallel to datum plane.
•Be within the specified limits of size
Tolerances Training Position Tolerance Parallelism
Tolerances Training Position Tolerance Parallelism

Parallelism : Applied to Cylindrical Feature

Regardless of feature size,the feature axis must

•Lie within a 0.2 mm diameter cylindrical zone parallel to datum axis A.
•Be within the specified tolerance of location.
Tolerances Training Position Tolerance Run-out

DEFINITION Runout is a composite tolerance used to control the functional relationship of one or more
features of a part to a datum axis. The types of features controlled by runout tolerance
include those surfaces constructed around a datum axis and those constructed at right
angles to a datum axis.

TOLERANCE ZONE Each considered feature must be within its runout tolerance when the part is rotated about the
datum axis. The tolerance specified for a controlled surface is the total tolerance or full
indicator movement (FIM).

REFERENCE TO One or more datum features. Relation to more than one datum feature is specified to stabilize
DATUMS the tolerance zone in more then one direction.

APPLICABILITY OF The specified tolerance can only apply on an RFS basis.

MMC, LMC, RFS TO
FEATURE

APPLICABILITY OF The specified datum can only apply on an RFS basis.

MMC, LMC, RFS TO
DATUMS

TYPICAL USE Typically used to control circularity and concentricity simultaneously.

 Tolerances Training Position Tolerance Run-out
Run-Out: Circular / Radial Run- Out

At any measuring position, each circular element of these surfaces must be within the
specified run-out tolerance (0.02 mm FIM) when the part is rotated 360º about the datum
axis with the indicator fixed in a position normal to the true geometric shape.
 Tolerances Training
Run-Out: (Circular / Radial) Total Indicated Reading

The entire surface must lie with the specified total run-out tolerance zone (0.02 mm FIM)
When the part is rotated 360º about the datum axis with the indicator placed at every
location along the surface in a position normal to the true geometric shape without reset
of the indicator
Tolerances Training

Run-Out: (Circular / Radial) Total Indicated Reading

Tolerances Training

Run-Out: Face- Total Indicated Reading- Example

Tolerances Training
Tolerances Training

Building Blocks
Tolerances Training Types
Straightness Angularity

Flatness Perpendicularity Circular Run - Out

Circularity Parallelism Total Run - out

Cylindricity

True Position

Profile of a Line
Concentricity

Profile of a Surface
Symmetry

25 +2
1 L A B C 0.2 L A B C

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