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• expressed as a fraction:
denominator – total volume (solute + diluent)
Numerator – volume of solute
1/20 = x/2 mL
Diluent = 2mL – x mL
= 2mL – 0.1mL
= 1.9mL
Compound Dilutions
• make very large dilution with small amounts of solute
and diluent
• plan the number and sizes of simple dilutions
necessary to reach the desired end point
• (5)(10)(10) = 500
Serial Dilution
• used to obtain a titer (indicator of an
antibody’s strength)
(10)(10)(10) = 1000
List down the manner of reporting for
agglutination reactions.
Agglutination
• specific antigens aggregate to form larger visible
clumps when corresponding specific antibody is
present in the serum
Enumerate the immunoglobulins which participate in
agglutination reactions.
IgG
• cannot bridge distance between particles,
because of their small size and restricted
flexibility at the hinge region
• agglutinate best at 30°C to 37°C
• Valence: 2.5
IgM:
• 35nm diameter
• react best at 4°C – 27°C.
• potential valence: 10
Enumerate the types of agglutination
reactions and differentiate one from
the other through their characteristics
and applications.
Direct Agglutination
• agglutination occurs when antigens are found
naturally on a particle
Example:
• Hemagglutination:
ABO blood group typing of human red blood cells
Passive Agglutination
• employs particles coated with antigens not
normally found on their surfaces
• latex, gelatin, and silicates
Used to:
• detect rheumatoid factor
• antinuclear antibody in lupus erythematosus
• antibodies to group A streptococcus antigens
• antibodies to Trichinella spiralis, Treponema
pallidum, viruses
Passive Agglutination
Reverse Passive Agglutination
• antibody rather than antigen is attached to a
carrier particle