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Contents
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General idea of cancer cells
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Types of Cancers
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Characteristics of cancer cells
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Carcinogenesis – The Development of Cancer
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Theories of carcinogenesis
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Theories of carcinogenesis….
Viral theory of carcinogenesis
VIRUS
Viruses
Viral DNA may be inserted into a host cell’s DNA
May switch on a proto-oncogene
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May
Theories of carcinogenesis….
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Theories of carcinogenesis….
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Environmental causes of Cancer
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Radiations in Cell environment (UV radiations, photodynamic sensitization).
The potential biological effects and damages caused by radiation depend on the
conditions of the radiation exposure. It is determined by:
1. quality of radiation
2. quantity of radiation
3. received dose of radiation
4. exposure conditions (spatial distribution
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Radiations in Cell environment (UV radiations, photodynamic sensitization).
Photosensitization can involve reactions within living cells or tissues, or they can
occur in pure chemical systems.
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Cell biology techniques: Cryopreservation, centrifugation, Electron microscopy, TLC, Electrophoresis
The increase in solute concentration outside the cell, as well as intracellularly, can be detrimental to
cell survival.
If too much water remains inside the cell, damage due to ice crystal formation and re-crystallization
during warming can occur.
Warming from the frozen state should occur as rapidly as possible until complete thawing is
achieved.
To achieve rapid warming: frozen tubes containing cells are placed in water bath at 37°C.
Cells frozen in plastic tubes will take longer to thaw than that in glass ampoules, and sometimes
gentle agitation of the tube during warming will accelerate the thawing process.
As soon as the contents of the tube have been thawed, remove the tube from the water bath. To
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gminimize the risk of contamination during reconstitution.
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Cell biology techniques: Cryopreservation, centrifugation, Electron microscopy, TLC, Electrophoresis
What is a Centrifuge?
A centrifuge is a piece of laboratory equipment, driven by a motor, which spins
liquid samples at high speed.
Working principle:
Centrifuges work by the sedimentation principle, where the centripetal
acceleration is used to separate substances of greater and lesser density. The
rate of sedimentation is dependent upon the applied centrifugal field (G) being
directed radially outwards, this is dependent on angular velocities of rotor and
radial distance of the particles from the axis of rotation.
APPLICATION:
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Cell biology techniques: Cryopreservation, centrifugation, Electron microscopy, TLC, Electrophoresis
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g Source: http://web.virginia.edu/Heidi/chapter18/chp18.htm
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Cell biology techniques:Electron microscopy
What are electron microscopes?
Scientific instruments/microscopes that use a focused beam of electrons to examine objects
on a very fine scale.
Principle of microscopy:
Electron guns generates a stream of electrons under high vacuum which is accelerated towards
the specimen in the form of a thin, focused, monochromatic beam using metal apertures and
magnetic lenses leading to irradiation of the sample by the beam. Interactions of electron beam
with the sample are detected and transformed into an image.
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Cell biology techniques: Cryopreservation, centrifugation, Electron microscopy, TLC, Electrophoresis
Working principle:
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a widely-employed laboratory technique
that involves a stationary phase of a thin layer of adsorbent like silica gel,
alumina, or cellulose on a flat, inert substrate. Different compounds in the
sample mixture travel different distances according to how strongly they
interact with the adsorbent.
APPLICATION:
1. Separation of macromolecules
2. Separation of pigments .
3. Separation of fatty acids, triglycerides etc.
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Cell biology techniques: Cryopreservation, centrifugation, Electron microscopy, TLC, Electrophoresis
What is a electrophoresis?
Working principle:
Charged molecules migrate in electric field to the electrodes of opposite
charge.
APPLICATION:
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Summary
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References
S.C. Rastogi (2003) Cell and Molecular Biology –New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.
A. C. Giese,(2003) Cell Physiology, 5th Edition, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia PA, 1979.
De Robertis and De Robertis, (2000) Cell and Molecular Biology, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins publishers
Verma and Agarwal (2004), Cell Biology, Genetic s, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology, S. Chand publication,
New Delhi.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21492/#A1134
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21492/#A1134
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9941/
http://www.austincc.edu/biocr/1406/laba/electrophoresis/
http://www.austincc.edu/biocr/1406/labm/ex7/prelab_7_1.htm
http://www.jic.ac.uk/microscopy/intro_em.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9552/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9963/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9878/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9840/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26902/
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http://www.careflash.com/video/cancer-overview?lc=en
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9552/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9963/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9878/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9840/
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26902/
http://www.careflash.com/video/cancer-overview?lc=en
http://www.slideshare.net/gangahuvin/electron-microscopy-16995175
https://www.jic.ac.uk/microscopy/intro_EM.html
http://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/wrk/wrk1/ArtificialUVRad&Skin5.pdf
http://www.photobiology.info/Oleinick.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18080461
https://www.atcc.org/~/media/PDFs/Cryopreservation_Technical_Manual.ashx
http://www.ibb.ntou.edu.tw/wwwroot/teacher_system/file/information/1bbe19_Ch23_Electrophoresis.pdf
http://stevegallik.org/cellbiologyolm_fractionation.html
https://www.bioscience.org/1997/v2/d/soehnge/5.htm
http://virtual.itg.uiuc.edu/training/EM_tutorial/esem-manual.swf
http://www.purdue.edu/ehps/rem/rs/sem.htm
http://www.insidecancer.org/base_frame_nofooter.swf
http://www.freelecturevideos.com/biology-medicine-animations-hd/animated-introduction-to-cancer-biology-full-documentary-
video_5390a86c3.html#axzz3B6C9jyFj
http://www.learner.org/courses/biology/textbook/cancer/
http://www.learner.org/courses/biology/textbook/cancer/cancer_8.html
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http://www.cancerquest.org/cancer-biology-animations.html#
THANK YOU
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