Principles of Anatomy

and Physiology
Thirteenth Edition

Gerard J. Tortora • Bryan H. Derrickson

Chapter 28
The Reproductive Systems

Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Sagittal Peritoneum
plane Urinary bladder
Ductus (vas) deferens
Suspensory ligament of
penis
Sacrum
Pubic symphysis
Seminal vesicle
Prostate
Vesicorectal pouch
Deep muscles of
Coccyx perineum
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s)
Rectum
gland
Ampulla of ductus
Corpus cavernosum penis
(vas) deferens
Spongy (penile) urethra
Ejaculatory duct
Body of penis
Prostatic urethra
Root of penis Corpus spongiosum penis
Anus Epididymis Corona

Membranous urethra Testis Glans penis

Scrotum Prepuce (foreskin)
(a) Sagittal section External urethral orifice
 SUPERIOR

Seminal vesicle Urinary bladder

(opened)
Prostate
Ductus (vas) deferens
Pubic symphysis
Prostatic urethra
Corpus cavernosum
Ejaculatory duct
penis
Membranous urethra Corpus spongiosum
penis
Rectum
Body of penis
Root of penis Testis
Bulbospongiosus muscle Corona

Spongy (penile) urethra Glans penis

POSTERIOR ANTERIOR
(b) Sagittal section
Internal oblique muscle Spermatic cord
Aponeurosis of external
oblique muscle (cut)
Fundiform ligament of Superficial (cutaneous)
penis inguinal ring
Suspensory ligament of penis Cremaster muscle
Inguinal canal
Transverse section of
Ductus (vas) deferens
penis:
Corpora cavernosa penis
Autonomic nerve
Spongy (penile) urethra Testicular artery
Corpus spongiosum penis Lymphatic vessel
Pampiniform plexus of
Scrotal septum testicular veins
Epididymis
Cremaster muscle
Tunica albuginea of testis
External spermatic fascia
Tunica vaginalis
Dartos muscle (peritoneum)
Internal spermatic fascia
Skin of scrotum
Raphe

Anterior view of scrotum and testes and transverse section of penis

 Sagittal Spermatic cord
plane

Blood vessels
and nerves

Head of epididymis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Seminiferous tubule

Efferent duct
Straight tubule
Body of epididymis
Tunica vaginalis
Rete testis
Tunica albuginea
Ductus epididymis
Lobule
Tail of epididymis
Septum

(a) Sagittal section of testis showing seminiferous tubules

 SUPERIOR

Testicular blood vessels,

lymphatic vessels, and
nerves

Body of epididymis Head of epididymis

Testis

Tail of epididymis Tunica vaginalis

POSTERIOR ANTERIOR

(b) Lateral view of testis and associated structures

Rete testis

Seminiferous tubules
Tunica vaginalis

Testis

Tunica albuginea

(c) Sagittal section

Transverse plane
Leydig cell

Basement membrane

Basement membrane
Sertoli cell

Spermatid (n)
LM 40x
Secondary spermatocyte (n)

Primary spermatocyte (2n)

Spermatogonium
(2n) (stem cell)
LM 160x
(a) Transverse section of several seminiferous tubules
Leydig cell
Blood capillary
SPERMATOGENIC CELLS:
Basement membrane Spermatogonium (2n)
(stem cell)
Sertoli cell nucleus
Primary spermatocyte (2n)

Blood–testis barrier
(tight junction) Secondary spermatocyte (n)

Spermatid (n)

Sperm cell or
spermatozoon (n)
Lumen of seminiferous
tubule

(b) Transverse section of part of seminiferous tubule

Basement membrane of
seminiferous tubule Some spermatogonia remain
as precursor stem cells
Superficial Spermatogonium
2n
2n
Mitosis
Some spermatogonia
pushed away from
basement membrane 2n

Differentiation
Primary spermatocyte

2n DNA replication, tetrad

formation, and crossing-over
Meiosis I
MEIOSIS
Secondary spermatocytes
n n Each chromosome has
two chromatids
Meiosis II

Cytoplasmic Spermatids
bridge
n n n n

SPERMIOGENESIS Spermatozoa
n n n n
Deep

Lumen of seminiferous tubule

Acrosome
HEAD
Nucleus
Neck

Mitochondria
Middle piece

TAIL
Principal
piece

End piece
 Hypothalamus
GnRH

Testosterone decreases
release of GnRH and LH
Anterior pituitary
Inhibin decreases Gonadotroph
release of FSH

Together with
LH stimulates
testosterone,
FSH LH testosterone
FSH stimulates
secretion
spermatogenesis

Inhibin

Testosterone
ABP

Spermatogenic
cells Leydig cells secrete
Sertoli cells secrete Dihydrotestosterone testosterone
androgenbinding (DHT)
protein (ABP) Key:
LH FSH Testosterone
LH receptor FSH receptor Androgen
receptor
• Male pattern of development (before birth)
• Enlargement of male sex organs and
expression of male secondary sex
characteristics (starting at puberty)
• Anabolism (protein synthesis)
 Some stimulus disrupts
homeostasis by

Increasing

Blood level of testosterone

Receptors
Cells in
hypothalamus
that secrete
GnRH
Decreased GnRH
Input in portal blood
Control center Return to homeostasis
when response brings
Anterior blood level of
pituitary testosterone back to
gonadotrophs normal

Decreased LH
Output
in systemic blood
Effectors
Leydig cells in testes
secrete less
testosterone

Decrease in blood
level of testosterone
 Right ductus
(vas) deferens
View
Urinary bladder
Left ureter
Ampulla of ductus
Hip bone (cut) (vas) deferens
Seminal vesicle
Prostate
Seminal vesicle duct
Prostatic urethra
Ejaculatory duct
Membranous
(intermediate) urethra Deep muscles of perineum
Crus of penis Bulbourethral (Cowper’s)
gland
Bulb of penis
Corpora cavernosa penis
Corpus spongiosum penis
Spongy (penile) urethra

(a) Posterior view of male accessory organs of reproduction

 Urinary bladder

Left ureter Hip bone

Right ductus (vas)

Pelvic diaphragm deferens

Obturator internus Seminal vesicle

muscle
Ampulla of ductus
Deep muscles of
(vas) deferens
perineum
Prostate
Bulbospongiosus
muscle

(b) Posterior view of male accessory organs of reproduction

 Urinary bladder
Internal urethral orifice Prostate
Prostatic urethra Orifice of ejaculatory duct
Deep muscles of perineum Membranous urethra

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland ROOT OF PENIS:

Bulb of penis
Crus of penis
BODY OF PENIS:
Corpora cavernosa penis
Corpus spongiosum penis
Spongy (penile) urethra

Corona
GLANS PENIS
Frontal
plane Prepuce (foreskin)
External urethral orifice
(a) Frontal section
Deep Skin
dorsal Superficial (subcutaneous)
vein dorsal vein
Dorsal Subcutaneous layer
artery
Fascia

Transverse Dorsal
plane
Corpora cavernosa penis

Tunica albuginea of corpora

cavernosa
Deep artery of penis
Corpus spongiosum penis

Spongy (penile) urethra

Ventral Tunica albuginea of corpus

spongiosum penis

(b) Transverse section

 Transverse
plane

Superficial dorsal vein

Deep dorsal vein

Skin
Dorsal artery
Subcutaneous Corpora cavernosa penis
layer
Tunica albuginea of corpora
cavernosa

Deep artery of penis

Spongy (penile) urethra

Corpus spongiosum penis
Tunica albuginea of corpus
spongiosum penis
(c) Transverse section
 Uterine (fallopian) tube
Fimbriae
Sagittal
plane Ovary
Uterus
Sacrum
Round ligament of uterus
Uterosacral ligament
Cervix
Posterior fornix of vagina
Urinary bladder
Rectouterine pouch
(pouch of Douglas) Pubic symphysis
Vesicouterine pouch Mons pubis
Coccyx
Clitoris
Rectum Urethra

Anus Labium majus

External urethral orifice
Vagina
(a) Sagittal section Labium minus
 Fimbriae

Ovary
Uterine (fallopian) tube
Fundus of uterus
Body of uterus

Rectouterine pouch Cervix of uterus

(pouch of Douglas)
Urinary bladder
Vesicouterine pouch Pubic symphysis

Mons pubis
Vagina
Clitoris
Rectum

Urethra Labium minus

Labium majus
(b) Sagittal section
 ANTERIOR Rectus abdominis muscle
Urinary bladder
Uterus
View
Transverse Round ligament
plane
Ovarian ligament

Uterine (fallopian) tube Mesovarium

Ovary Cecum
Rectouterine pouch Broad ligament
(pouch of Douglas)
Vermiform appendix
Suspensory ligament
Cardinal ligament
Ureter
Uterosacral ligament
Ileum
Common iliac artery
Sigmoid colon
POSTERIOR

Superior view of transverse section

 Primordial Secondary Germinal
follicle follicle epithelium
Primary
follicle
Ovarian cortex
Frontal
plane Follicular fluid

Mature (graafian) follicle

Blood vessels in
hilum of ovary Ovarian medulla

Corpus hemorrhagicum
Corpus albicans (ruptured follicle)
Corona radiata

Ovulation discharges
secondary oocyte
Degenerating Blood clot Corpus
corpus luteum luteum
(a) Frontal section
 Germinal epithelium

Ovarian cortex

Ovarian medulla

Blood vessel in hilum

of ovary

Degenerating mature
(graafian) follicle

(b) Hemisection LM 20x

 Ovary

Secondary
oocyte

LM 30x

(c) Ovulation of a secondary oocyte

 Primary oocyte
Follicular cells

Basement
membrane

Stromal
cell

Collagen
fiber

(a) Primordial follicle

 Basement
membrane
Zona pellucida

Granulosa
cells

Collagen fiber
Primary
oocyte
Theca folliculi

(b) Late primary follicle

Zona pellucida Basement
membrane
Antrum
Corona
Theca folliculi: radiata
Theca externa

Theca interna
Primary
oocyte

Stromal cell

Collagen fiber
Granulosa
Blood vessels cells
(c) Secondary follicle
Basement
membrane Zona pellucida

Antrum filled with

follicular fluid Corona
radiata

Primary
oocyte

Theca folliculi:
Theca externa

Theca interna
Granulosa
cells
(d) Mature (graafian) follicle
 Germinal epithelium
Tunica albuginea

Primordial follicle

Ovarian cortex
Primary follicle
granulosa cells

Theca folliculi
Zona pellucida

Primary oocyte
Secondary follicle
granulosa cells

Secondary follicle
Corpus luteum
LM 30x
(e) Ovarian cortex
 Primary oocyte

Zona pellucida

Corona radiata

Secondary follicle
granulosa cells

Antrum filled with

follicular fluid
Theca folliculi

LM 70x
(f) Secondary follicle
 2n During fetal development
meiosis I begins.
Oogonium

After puberty, primary oocytes

2n Meiosis I complete meiosis I, which
produces a secondary oocyte
Primary oocyte and a first polar body that may
or may not divide again.
n
n
First
Secondary polar body The secondary oocyte begins
oocyte meiosis II.
Ovulation
n n
A secondary oocyte (and first
n n polar body) is ovulated.
Sperm + Secondary
cell oocyte Meiosis II
Fertilization
After fertilization, meiosis II
n resumes. The oocyte splits into
an ovum and a second polar
n n body.
Ovum Second
polar body
The nuclei of the sperm cell
2n and the ovum unite, forming a
diploid (2n) zygote.

Zygote
Fetal period 2n Oogonium
Mitosis

2n Primary Primordial follicle

oocyte
Meiosis in progress
Primary oocyte
2n (in prophase I)
Childhood (no development
of follicles)
Primary Primary follicle
2n oocyte
Puberty to menopause (still in prophase I)
each month Secondary follicle
Meiosis I completed by 2n Primary oocyte
one primary oocyte
each month Mature (graafian)
Secondary
First polar body n n follicle
oocyte (in
metaphase II)
Ovulation
Meiosis II
of first Sperm cell
polar body n Ovulated secondary
may or may n oocyte
not occur
Meiosis II completed
if fertilization occurs

n n n 2n
Second Ovum
polar body
All polar bodies degenerate
 Isthmus of Fimbriae of uterine tube
uterine tube
Fundus of uterus Infundibulum of
Ampulla of uterine tube
uterine tube
Suspensory
ligament
Infundibulum of
uterine tube
Uterine (fallopian)
tube
Uterine cavity
Ovary
Endometrium
Ovarian ligament
Myometrium
Broad ligament
Perimetrium
Body of uterus
Internal os
Ureter
Cervix of uterus
Isthmus
Cervical canal
Uterosacral ligament
Lateral fornix
External os
Rugae
Vagina
View Posterior view of uterus and associated structures
 Transverse plane

Uterine tube

Cilia

Peg cell (nonciliated)

with microvilli

Ciliated simple
columnar cell
Lamina propria
(areolar connective
Lumen of tissue)
uterine tube

LM 400x
(a) Details of epithelium
 Cilia of ciliated
simple columnar
epithelial cell

Peg cell
(nonciliated)
with microvilli

SEM 4000x

(b) Details of epithelium in surface view

 Lumen of
uterus
Endometrium:
Stratum
functionalis
Stratum
basalis
Myometrium:
Inner
longitudinal
layer

Middle
circular
layer

Outer
longitudinal (a) Transverse section through the uterine
layer:
wall: second week of menstrual cycle (left)
Perimetrium and third week of menstrual cycle (right)

LM 10x LM 8x
 Lumen of uterus

Simple columnar epithelium

Stratum functionalis

Endometrial gland

Stratum
basalis

LM 115x

(b) Details of endometrium

 Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
Uterine cavity
Radial artery

Endometrial gland
Arcuate artery
Endometrium:
Stratum functionalis
Uterine artery Stratum basalis

Straight arteriole
Radial artery
Cervix Details of portion Spiral arteriole
of uterine wall

Vagina Uterine artery

Anterior view with left side of uterus partially sectioned

 Mons pubis

Prepuce of clitoris
Labia majora (spread)
Clitoris

Labia minora (spread External urethral orifice

exposing vestibule)

Hymen Vaginal orifice (dilated)

Anus

(a) Inferior view

 Lumen of vagina
Mucosa:
Nonkeratinized stratified
squamous epithelium
Lamina propria

Muscularis:

Inner
circular
layer
Transverse plane
Vagina

Outer
longitudinal
layer

LM 15x
Adventitia

(b) Transverse section through vaginal wall

 Lumen of vagina

Mucosa:
Nonkeratinized
stratified squamous
epithelium

Lamina propria

LM 100x

(c) Details of mucosa

Pubic symphysis

Bulb of the vestibule

Clitoris
Ischiocavernosus muscle
External urethral orifice
Greater vestibular
(Bartholin’s) gland Vaginal orifice (dilated)

Superficial transverse Bulbospongiosus muscle

perineal muscle
UROGENITAL TRIANGLE
ANAL TRIANGLE Ischial tuberosity
External anal sphincter
Anus
Coccyx
Gluteus maximus

Inferior view
Rib Suspensory ligament of the breast
(Cooper’s ligament)
Pectoral fascia
Pectoralis major muscle
Intercostal muscles
Lobule containing alveoli
Secondary tubule

Mammary duct

Lactiferous sinus
Areola
Lactiferous duct Nipple
Nipple

Areola

Adipose tissue in
subcutaneous layer

Sagittal plane

(a) Sagittal section (b) Anterior view, partially sectioned

 GnRH Hypothalamus

GnRH stimulates
release of FSH and LH Anterior pituitary
gland
FSH
LH

FSH stimulates LH stimulates

Growing
follicles Ovulation Corpus luteum
Ovaries

Initial development of Secretion of progesterone, estrogens,

Further development of ovarian
ovarian follicles relaxin, and inhibin by corpus luteum
follicles and their secretion of
estrogens and inhibin

Estrogens Progesterone Relaxin Inhibin

• Promote development and
maintenance of female
reproductive structures,
feminine secondary sex
• characteristics, and breasts
• Increase protein anabolism
• Lower blood cholesterol
• Moderate levels inhibit release
of GnRH, FSH, and LH
• Works with estrogens to
prepare endometrium for
implantation
• Prepares mammary glands
to secrete milk
• Inhibits release of GnRH
and LH
• Inhibits contractions of • Inhibits release of
uterine smooth muscle FSH and, to a lesser
• During labor, increases extent, LH
flexibility of pubic
symphysis and dilates
uterine cervix
 Hypothalamus
GnRH

Anterior
pituitary
Follicular phase FSH Luteal phase
LH

Mature Corpus
Primordial Primary Secondary (graafian) Hemor- Corpus luteum Corpus
Ovulation
follicles follicles follicle follicle rhagicum albicans
Ovarian cycle

Progesterone and estrogens

Estrogens

Uterine
(menstrual) Stratum
cycle functionalis

Stratum
basalis

Days
Menstrual Preovulatory Postovulatory
phase phase Ovulation phase
(a) Hormonal regulation of changes in the ovary and uterus
 LH
Progesterone
Hormone concentration

Estrogens

FSH

Days
(b) Changes in concentration of anterior pituitary and ovarian hormones
 Hypothalamus
GnRH

1 High levels of estrogens 2 GnRH promotes release of

from almost mature FSH and more LH
follicle stimulate release
of more GnRH and LH Anterior pituitary
LH
3 LH surge brings
about ovulation

Ovulated
secondary
Ovary oocyte

Almost mature Corpus hemorrhagicum

(graafian) follicle (ruptured follicle)
 Hypothalamus
GnRH
High levels of Moderate levels of Low levels of
estrogens (without estrogens inhibit progesterone and
progesterone) secretion of GnRH, estrogens promote
stimulate release FSH, and LH secretion of GnRH,
of GnRH, LH, and FSH, and LH
FSH Inhibin inhibits Anterior
secretion of FSH pituitary
and LH
FSH LH
Ovary

Growth of Maturation
primary and of one Formation Formation
Ovulation of corpus of corpus
secondary dominant
follicles follicle luteum albicans

Ovarian
hormones
Increasing Increased secretion No secretion of
Increased progesterone
secretion of of progesterone and secretion of and estrogens by
estrogens and estrogens by cells of inhibin by cells of corpus albicans
inhibin by corpus luteum corpus luteum
granulosa cells

Uterus

Preparation of
Repair and proliferation Menstruation
endometrium for arrival
of endometrium
of fertilized ovum
 Mesonephros
Mesonephros Gonadal ridges
Paramesonephric
Gonadal ridges (Müllerian) duct
Mesonephric
Paramesonephric (Wolffian) duct
(Müllerian) duct

Mesonephric
Urogenital sinus
(Wolffian) duct
Urogenital
sinus
Anterior view
Undifferentiated stage
(fifth–sixth week)
Anterolateral view

MALE DEVELOPMENT FEMALE DEVELOPMENT

 MALE DEVELOPMENT FEMALE DEVELOPMENT

Ovary

Efferent duct
Uterine
(fallopian) tube
Testis Epididymis

Paramesonephric Mesonephric
(Müllerian) duct (Wolffian) duct
degenerating degenerating
Mesonephric Prostatic Urogenital
(Wolffian) duct Fused sinus
utricle
paramesonephric
Seventh–eighth week (Müllerian) ducts Eighth–ninth week
(uterus)
 MALE DEVELOPMENT FEMALE DEVELOPMENT

Seminal vesicle

Ductus (vas)
deferens Uterus
Prostate Uterine (fallopian)
tube
Urethra
Vagina
Bulbourethral Remnant of
(Cowper’s) gland mesonephric duct
Epididymis
Ovary
Efferent duct
Testis At birth At birth
 Genital tubercle
Urethral folds
Urethral groove
Urogenital sinus Labioscrotal swelling

Anus Perineum

Undifferentiated stage (about five-week embryo)

Glans penis
Clitoris
Urethral folds
Labioscrotal
swelling
Perineum
Anus

Ten-week embryo
External urethral orifice

Glans penis Clitoris

Labia majora
Labia minora External urethral orifice
Penis

Vaginal Vestibule
Scrotum
orifice

Anus

Near birth