IES

industrial engineering services

Prsentation
Md.Shadikul huq shezan
• Testing is the process of evaluation and
classified as:Destructive and Non-Destructive.
• What is NDT?
• NDT is the process of evaluation of the
conditions of the raw materials,components
or the equpments without any damage
physically,structurally,and dimentionally.
 ULTRASONIC TESTING
Now we are talk about UT-Ultrasonic testing:
Ultrasonic testing is one of the NDT method,which
is generally used for detection
1.Internal defects in
forgings,castings,rolling,welding,pipes and tubes.
2.Thikness mesasurment of pipelines,pressure
vassels and ships.
3.Lack of bonding of overlay weld,lack of bonding at
the interface between the claded material and
bearing shell and lamination in plates and sheets.
 PRINCIPLE OF ULTRASONIC TESTING
Ultrasonic is the sound energy having frequency above theh audible
range(20 to 20000Hz)transmitted in the matrials through piezo-
electric crystals in different modes(longitudinal,transverse and
surface).when the transmitted energy reach at the back surface of
the materil get reflected back received by the piezo-electric
element which supply to the receiver and desplay on the CRT as
thikness or path travel.if there is some defect,refleceted back and
give the indication at position corresponding to the relative path
travel,which is earlier than the back surface reflection .from the
indicantion,we can get two two information,one is the location or
depth of defect from the position and another is the size of the
f=dfect from the amplitude of indication corresponding to the
amount of reflected energy.
ADVNTAGES OF ULTRASONIC TESTING
• The following are the advantages of ultrasonic
testing.
1.One surface access is suffciant for testing.
2.It can cover few meters of length or thikness.
3.It can give exact location or depth of the
defect.
4.Instant result.
5.No hazard
 CONTENTS OF ULTRASONIC TESTING
First contents:ULTRASONIC?Ultra means
beyond;Sonic means audible range of sound.
Then ultrasonic is the sound energy having the
frequnency beyond the of audible sound.
What is frequency of audible sound?
20 to 20000Hz.or 20 Hz to 20KHz. Is the range of
frequency of audible sound.Then Ultrasonic is
sound energy having frequncy above 20,000Hz or
20KHz.The sound is the the vibration means back
and forth movements.
• They are many modes of ultrasonic vibrations which
will travel through solids.The modes most wiedly used
in ultrasonic testing are :longitudional,shear,surface
and plate waves.Each mode,or wave type,causes a
specific movement in the element of medium.

• Longitudinal waves produce vibration in the same

direction(parallel)to the motion of the sound.
• Shear wave:A wave having particle vibration
perpendicular (normal)to the direction of wave motion
is called a shear or transvers wave .
• Surface:surface wave occurs when the particle motion
is elliptical with the major axis at right angel to the
direction of propagation and it travels through solid
only.
• Plate :plate wave produced in the sheets when
beaming is done by angel probe at perticular
angle.plate or lamb waves are two types-Symmetrical
an Asymetrical.the particale motion is elliptical on both
the surfaces,where is in the centre it is longitudional
for symmetrical and transverse for asymmetrical
waves.they are used for testing of thin plates, for
detection of lamination and debonding in cladded
materials.
 Acoustic Impedance
• Acoustic impedance is the factor which
controls the propagation of an ultasonic wave
at boundary interface. It is the product of the
materail density and th acoustic wave velocity
within the material,denoted by Z.
• Acoustic impedance(z)=density(ρ) x
velocity(v).
 Couplants
• In order to transmit the ultrasonic energy from probe o
the test sample th air has to be totally removed as we
know that the air is a bad conductor and good eflector
of the energy.so a liqued medium is used to remove
that air interface between the probe and work piece to
transmit the sound energy.the liquid medium is known
as couplent….
• There are varity of couplent and according to the
condition proper couplent should be used:
• 1.surface finish of the test pice:smooth flat sirface and
rough,vertical,overhead and curved surface.
• 2.high surface tempreture.
 2nd contents:
• Share wave theory:
The charicteristics of reflection and mode coversion are
crated as ultrasound passed through an interface
between materials that have different acoustical
properties.the four result of striking through an
interface are reflection ,transmission,refraction,and
mode conversion.All of these are important aspects of
interface reaction.then our need to know First critical
angle: when the incident beam in reaches at particular
angel,at which the rfracted longitudinal…