Q E W E Z X C V B N M A S D F L A W G H J K

L P T O Y R E W Q A S D F G H J K L Z X C V
I A P H U M A N O I U Y T F E D S M N B V I
M S D F I Z X C V B N M L W I L L S D G H O
M Q A E G C T Y P U J I Y T R A M N L K J L
O A W D N R S F E Y T H G I R E S P O N S E
R M N B O V C X R Z A S D O F G H J O P L N
A R E W R S D F S P I U M N K L M T Z V B C
L T R P A S S I O N O I T N E T N I E W Q E
Y U I O N P A S N D F G M K O T J B K L M Y
W E G H C K L K O H Y F G Y P H M A O I L U
M L O J E J H I K M O C B H J L L H O P G R
E M P L O Y M E N T Z R N H L O K U M L I Y
1. Ethics
2. Ignorance
3. Moral
4. Right
5. Response
6. Passion
7. Will
8. Law
9. Habit
10.Violence
11. Person
12. Employment
13. Human
14. Intention
15. Immoral
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T V
I H U M A N I
M I W I L L O
M G C P A L
O N S E T H G I R E S P O N S E
R O R O N
A R S M T C
L P A S S I O N O I T N E T N I E
N N B
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E M P L O Y M E N T
ETHICS
 Science of the morality of man.
 Study of human motivation, and ultimately
of human rational behavior.
 Morality
IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS
 Indispensable knowledge
 Without moral perception, man is only an
animal.
 Without morality, man as rational being is a
failure.
 Moral Integrity
 Moral Integrity is the only true measure of
what man ought to be. The most successful
professional, is nothing unless he too is
morally upright. Thus, the philosophers
speaks of Ethics as the “only necessary
knowledge”
Morality is the foundation of every human
society. Without civic morality, communities
perish; without personal morality their
survival has no value. Every culture admits
the importance of morality as a standard of
behavior. When the moral foundations of a
nation are threatened, society itself is
threatened.
 ETHICS LAW
Study of Human motivation. Concerned with what we do, not
what we feel.

Study of external actions. It Concerned with the externality

explores thoughts and feelings. of the act.

Requires that man desires that Requires that we perform the

of which is good and act in required action regardless of.
accordance with that desire.
Morality therefore, has a wider implication
than law, because law can either be moral
or immoral. This, what is legal is not
necessarily moral; but what is moral is
worth legalizing
Ethics is not simply a body of do’s and
don’ts in the manner law are.
Ethics is a personal commitment to uphold
what is true and good. Ethics aims to
develop “right disposition and inner spirit”
for accepting what is lawful.
 Human Acts
Actions performed by man
knowingly and freely.
Deliberate or intentional
actions, or , voluntary.
Actions are the result of
conscious knowledge and are
subject to the control of the
will.
Acts of man
Actions which happen in man.
Instinctive and are not within
the control of the will.
Biological and physiological
movements in man such as,
metabolism, respiration, fear,
anger, love, and jealousy.
 MORALITY
 Is the quality of human acts by which they
are constituted as good, bad, or indifferent.
Essential Attributes of Human Acts
1. It must be performed by a conscious agent
who is aware of what he is doing and of its
consequences.
2. It must be performed by an agent who is
acting freely, that is, by his own volition and
powers. An action done under duress and
against one’s will is not entirely a free action.
3. It must be performed by an agent who
decides wilfully to perform the act. This
wilfulness is the result to perform an act here
and now, or I some future time.
 Kinds of Human Acts
1. Elicited Acts are those performed by the
will and are not bodily externalized.
a. Wish is the tendency of will towards
something, whether this be realized or
not.
b. Intention is the tendency of the will
toward something attainable but without
necessarily committing oneself to attain
it.
c. Consent is the acceptance of the will of
those needed to carry out the intention.
d. Election is the selection of the will of
those effective enough to carry out the
intention.
e. Use is the command of the will to make
use of those means elected to carry out the
intention.
f. Fruition is the enjoyment of the will
derived from the attainment of the thing he
had desired earlier.
2. Commanded Acts are those done either by
man’s mental or bodily powers under the
command of the will.
a. Internal Actions
ex. Conscious reasoning, recalling something,
encouraging oneself, and controlling aroused
emotions.
b. External Actions
ex. Walking, eating, dancing, laughing, listening,
and reading.
c. Combinations of internal and external
movements
ex. Studying, driving a car, writing a letter, and
playing chess.
Moral Distinction
 “Dictates of Reasons” stands for the norm
of morality which is the standard by which
actions are judged as to their merits or
demerits.
 Classification of Actions According
to Norms of Morality
1. Moral (Good) actions are those actions which
are in conformity with the norm of morality.
2. Immoral (Bad) actions are those actions which
are not in conformity with the norm of morality.
3. Amoral (Indifferrent) actions are those actions
which stand neutral in relation to the norm of
morality. They are neither good nor bad in
themselves. But certain amoral actions may
become good or bad because of the
circumstances attendant to them.
Voluntariness
 Voluntariness comes from the Latin word
“voluntas” referring to Will. Voluntariness is
essential to an act is a mere act of man.
Classification of Voluntariness
1. Perfect voluntariness
is present in a person who fully knows
and fully intends an act.

2. Imperfect voluntariness
is present in a person who act without
fully realizing what he means to do, or
without fully intending the act.
3. Conditional voluntariness
is present in a person who is forced by
circumstances beyond his control to perform
an act which he would not do under normal
conditions.

4. Simple voluntariness
is a person doing an act wilfully,
regardless of whether he likes to do it or not.
It is either positive or negative.
Types of voluntariness
1. Direct voluntariness
accompanies an act which is primarily
intended by the doer, either as an end in
itself or as an end in itself or as a means to
achieve something.

2. Indirect voluntariness
accompanies an act or situation which is
the mere result of a directly willed act.
The Modifiers of Human Acts
1. Ignorance
absence of knowledge which a person
ought to possess.
Classification of Ignorance
a. Vincible Ignorance can easily be
reminded through ordinary diligence and
responsible efforts.
b. Invincible Ignorance is the type which a
person possesses without being aware of
it, or, having awareness of it, lacks the
means to rectify it.
“Ignorance of the law excuses no one”

Implies that no one should not act in

the state of ignorance and that no one
who has done wrong may not claim
ignorance as a defense.
2. Passions
either tendencies towards desirable
objects, or tendencies away from
undesirable or harmful things.
Classification of Passions
a. Positive emotions- love, desire, delight,
hope, and bravery.
b. Negative emotions- hatred, horror,
sadness, despair, fear, and anger.
3. Fear
disturbance of the mind of a person who
is confronted by an impending danger or
harm to himself or loved ones.
4. Violence
refers to any force exerted on a person by
another free agent for the purpose of
compelling said person to act against will.
5. Habits
is a lasting readiness and facility, born of
frequently repeated act, for acting in a
certain manner.
Action and Emotion
 Man does an act with emotion and feeling
not like a robot. In doing this act, man does
not only evoke certain sentiments, but his
decision or intention to perform is swayed
by his emotions.
 EMOTION are generally instinctive in
origin.
 Kagandahan ng Loob
Kagandahan ng Loob refers to attitude and it
stands for all that is good, we call kaibigan, in
a human being. It is the multiplicity of sterling
qualities, both natural and acquired, which,
because they proceed from the hearts and
minds and it also greatly influenced one’s
behavior towards himself and others.
Kagandahan ng Loob includes such moral
values as mapagmahal, may pakiramdam,
may pakikiramay, matulungin, masayahin, and
hind mapagkunwari.
Rights and Duties
Man is born with rights and duties and
having rights is an attribute of a person. That
is why we have Commission on Human
Rights that addresses violations of such
rights.
We insist on our rights but ignore our
duties. Duties however are more
fundamental than rights.
“The duty to do good and to
avoid evil is above all rights.”
Definition of Right
 Objectively- It is anything which is owed or
due.

 Subjectively- That is, as residing in a

person, right is a moral power, bound to be
respected by others, of doing, possessing,
or requiring something.
Kinds of Rights
1. Natural rights are those based on the
natural law, that is, on human nature.
2. Human rights are those based on human
positive laws, either those enacted by the
State or a religious sect.
a. Civil rights are those dependent upon the
laws of the state.
b. Ecclesiastical or religious rights are those
dependent upon the laws of a church or
religious sect.
3. Alienable and inalienable Rights.
Alienable rights are those, civil or religious
rights, which can be surrendered,
renounced, or removed, such as the right to
decent livelihood.
4. Right of jurisdiction is the power of lawful
authority to govern his subjects and to make
laws for them.
5. Right of property is the power to own, to
sell, to barter, to lend, to change, or give
away one’s personal possessions.
6. Juridical right refers to all rights insofar as
they are based on laws. These rights must
be respected, allowed, fulfilled, as a matter
of strict justice. Non-Juridical rights are
those which are founded on laws, either
natural or human, but on virtue. Thus, these
are also called moral rights.
Definition of Duty
 Objectively- It is anything we are obliged to
do or to omit.
 Subjectively- It is a moral obligation
incumbent upon a person of doing,
omitting, or avoiding something.
 Duty- is a moral obligation because it
depends upon freewill. As such it resides
on a person. Duty is defined by law, any
willfull neglect of duty makes the person
accountable for such act.
The “Bill of Rights”
The Bill of Rights is a list of rights
pertaining to persons. These rights are
recognized, guaranteed, and protected
against invasion, reduction or destruction.
The Bill of Rights is premised on the
belief in the dignity of man and the intrinsic
worth of human life.
“Article III of the 1987 Constitution provides
for the Bill of Rights.” (Section 1 to 22)
Civil and Political Rights
 The Bill of Rights includes Civil and Political
Rights of the people.
1. Civil Rights
are those which an individual enjoys in
his private activities, or in his transaction
with others, as protected and granted by law.
2. Political Rights
are those which an individual enjoys in
participating in government affairs.