PCI 6 th Edition

Building Systems
(Snow + Wind)
 Presentation Outline

• Building System Loads

– Snow
• Uniform loading and drifting
• Example
– Wind
• Main lateral wind resisting system
• Component example
 Structural Systems

• Gravity Load Systems

– Beams
– Columns
– Floor Member – Double Tees, Hollow Core
– Spandrels
 Structural Systems

• Lateral Load Systems

– Shear Walls
– Moment Resisting Frames
– Cantilever Columns
– Braced Frames – K Frames
 System Loads

• Dead Loads
• Live Loads
• Snow Loads
This session will
– Roof / Ground place emphasis
– Drifting on these forces.
• Wind Loads
• Earthquake
Loads
 Snow Loads

• Based on ASCE 7
• Different than other live loads due to
transient nature
 Load Combinations

U = 1.2D +1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)

U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + f1L + 0.2S
 Snow Loads

• Roof Snow Load, pf is now based on the

Ground Snow Load, pg
pf = 0.7·Ce·Ct·Ι·pg
Where
pf = flat roof snow load (psf)
Ce = exposure factor
Ct = thermal factor
Ι = importance factor
pg = ground snow load (psf)
 Snow Loads

• Limited by
pf ≥ Ι·pg where pg ≤ 20 psf
pf ≥ 20·Ι where pg > 20 psf
 Exposure Factor, Ce – Page 3-106

The terrain category and roof exposure condition chosen

shall be representative of the anticipated conditions during
the life of the structure. An exposure factor shall be
determined for each roof of a structure.
 Thermal Factor, Ct – Page 3-106

These conditions shall be representative of the

anticipated conditions during winters for the life of the
structure.
 Drifting Loads

• Consideration for Windward and Leeward

 Snow Drift Configuration

• If hc/hb ≤ 0.2, drift loads need not be applied

 Otherwise (Example)

Given:
– A flat roofed office building 450 ft long has a 50 ft
long, 8 ft high penthouse centered along the
length. The building is located in downtown
Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
 Snow Load Example

Problem:
• Determine the following
– Roof Snow Load. pf
– Drift Load and Location
 Solution Steps

Step 1 – Calculate the Ground Snow Load

Step 2 – Calculate Drift Requirements
Step 3 – Calculate Balanced Snow Height
Step 4 – Determine if drifting is considered
Step 5 – Determine Drift Height
Step 6 – Drift Force
 Step 1 – Roof Snow Load, pf

• Recall - pf = 0.7·Ce ·Ct ·I

Where
pf = flat roof snow load (psf)
Ce = exposure factor
Ct = thermal factor
Ι = importance factor
pg = ground snow load (psf)
 Step 1 – Terrain Category

• Assumption –
– Within the life of the structure, taller
buildings may be built around it
– Exposure B
Ce =1.2
 Step 1 – Thermal Condition

• Office - Heated Structure

Ct = 1.0
 Step 1 – Importance factor

• For office buildings

Ι = 1.0

From Figure 3.10.1 pg 3-103

Building Category II
 Step 1 – Determine Ground Snow Load

• Downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin

(pg 3-105 figure 3.10.2)

pg = 30 psf
 Step 1 - Alternate

• Special Case
Study Region

CS – Site Specific Case Studies

are required to establish the
ground snow load
 Step 1 – Roof Snow Load, pf

pf = 0.7·Ce ·Ct ·I ·pg

= 0.7(1.2)(1.0)(1.0)(30) = 25.2 psf

 Step 2 – Calculate Drift Requirements

• Balanced snow load height - hb

 
 Step 3 – Balanced Snow Height, hb

• hb = Roof Snow Load / Unit Weight

= pf/
• Unit Weight of Snow, 
 = 0.13·pg + 14 ≤ 30 pcf
= 0.13(30 pcf ) + 14 pcf = 17.9 pcf
17.9 ≤ 30 pcf OK
hb = pf/  = 25.2 psf /17.9 pcf = 1.40 ft
 Step 4 – Determine if Drifting is Considered

• hc – penthouse height in this case = 8.0 ft

• hc/hb = (8.0 -1.4)/1.4 = 4.7

4.7 > 0.2

Drifting must be considered!
 Step 5 – Determine Drift Height

• Leeward lu = 50ft
hd ~ 2.5ft
• Windward lu = 200ft
hd = 75% (Graph value)

hd ~ 0.75 ( 4.8) = 3.6ft

 Step 6 – Drift Force

Drift Width = w = 4·hd

4(3.6ft)=14.4ft

Force = ½··hd·w
½ (17.9pcf)(3.6)(14.4) =
464 plf

Location - acts 1/3·w from

penthouse wall
1/3(14.4) = 4.8ft
 Wind Load

Method Presented
ASCE 7 – 02
“Method 1 – Simplified Procedure”
 Wind Load

• Limitations of Simplified Procedure

– Height ≤ 60 ft or least lateral dimension
– Enclosed building (includes parking structures)
– Regular shaped
– No expansion joints
– Fundamental frequency ≥ 1 Hz.
– Flat or shallow pitched roof
– No unusual topography around the building
 Wind Load Procedure

• Determine
– Basic wind speed
– Directionality Factor
– Exposure
– Pressure Zone
– Load per unit area
– Importance Factor
 Determine the Basic Wind Speed

• Basic Wind Speed Chart (pg 3-108, 3-109)

 Determine the Directionality Factor

• The directionality factor is 0.85 for buildings

For additional Factors

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures,
Revision of ASCE 7-98 (SEI/ASCE 7-02), American Society
of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2003 (Co-sponsored by the
Structural Engineering Institute). includes more detailed
descriptions)
 Determine Exposure Category

• Applies to upwind direction

• Exposure B:
Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas
• Exposure D:
Flat, unobstructed areas outside hurricane-prone
regions
• Exposure C:
All others
Determine the Pressure Zones
 Pressure on Lateral System

The pressure on Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS)

ps = λ·Ι·ps30
where:
ps = combined windward and leeward net pressures

30 – represents average 30 ft building height

 Pressure on Lateral System

The pressure on Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS)

ps = λ·Ι·ps30

where:
l = building height and exposure coefficient
from
Figure 3.10.6(c)
pg 3-110
 Pressure on Lateral System

The pressure on Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS)

ps = λ·Ι·ps30

where:
Ι = importance
factor for wind
Figure 3.10.1
 Pressure on Lateral System

The pressure on Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS)

ps = λ·Ι·ps30

where:
ps30 = simplified
design wind
pressure from
Figure 3.10.6(a)
pg 3-110
 Wind Load Force

• The force on the MWFRS is then determined by

multiplying the values of ps30 by their respective zone
areas

Zone A can be at both ends of the structure

 Cladding Pressure

• Determined from:

pnet = λ·Ι·pnet 30
Where:
pnet = net design wind pressure on cladding
l  building height and exposure coefficient
I = importance factor for wind
 Cladding Wind Load Example

• Given:
– A 114 ft wide by 226 ft long by 54 ft
tall hospital building in Memphis, TN.
– Cladding panels are 7 ft tall by 28 ft
long. A 6 ft high window is attached
to the top of the panel, and an 8 ft
high window is attached to the
bottom.
 Cladding Wind Load Example

• Problem:
– Part A
Determine the design wind load on the MWFRS
– Part B
Determine the design wind load on the cladding
panels.

• Solution Method:
– As this is an enclosed building under 60 ft high,
Method 1 may be used.
– Suburban Area - Exposure Category B
 Part A – Solution Steps (MWFRS)

• Step 1MWFRS – Determine Wind Speed

• Step 2MWFRS – Determine Zone Coefficients
• Step 3MWFRS – Calculate Zone Pressure
• Step 4MWFRS – Calculate Zone Area
• Step 5MWFRS – Calculate Zone Force
• Step 6MWFRS – Calculate Force Location
 Step 1MWFRS – Determine Wind Speed

• Figure 3.10.5 (page 3-109)

• Memphis, TN

90 Mph
 Step 2MWFRS – Zone Coefficient, l

• Height / Exposure Coefficient

• Building Height – 54ft, Exposure - B
• Figure 3.10.6(c) (pg 3-110)
55  50 54  50

1.19  1.16 l  1.16
l  1.18
 Step 2MWFRS – Zone Coefficient, ps 30

• Pressure Coefficient
• From Table 3.10.6(a) (pg 3-110)
• Zone A ps 30 = 12.8 psf
• Zone C ps 30 = 8.5 psf
 Step 2MWFRS – Zone Coefficient, I

• Importance Factor
• From Table 3.10.1
(page3-103)

Ι = 1.15
 Step 3MWFRS – Calculate Zone Pressures

• ps zone A = λ·Ι·ps 30 zone A

1.18(1.15)(12.8) = 17.4 psf

• ps zone C = λ·Ι·ps 30 zone C

1.18(1.15)(8.5) = 11.5 psf
 Step 4MWFRS – Calculate Zone A Dimensions

• Length of building – 226 ft

– Lesser of
0.2(114) = 22.8
Or
0.8(54) = 43.2

– A226 = 22.8 ft
 Step 4MWFRS – Calculate Zone C Dimensions

• Length of building – 226 ft

– C226 = 226 – 22.8 = 203.2 ft
 Step 5MWFRS – MWFRS Zone Forces

• F1 = A226 ·h · ps Zone A
= 22.8(54)(17.4)/1000 = 21.4 kips
• F2 = C226 ·h · ps Zone C
= 203.2(54)(11.5)/1000 = 126.2 kips

• Total force
= 21.4 + 126.2
= 147.6 kips
 Step 6MWFRS – MWFRS Forces Location

• F1 = 21.4 kips, F2 = 126.2 kips

• Resultant Location, eleft

A 226 C 
F1   F2   226  A 226 
2  2 
eleft 
F1  F2

21.4  22.8   126.2  203.2  22.8 

 2  2 
eleft 
21.4  126.2
eleft  107.8ft  108ft
or about 5 ft to the left of center
 Part B – Solution Steps (Cladding)

• Step 1Clad – Determine Wind Speed

From Previous Solution
• Step 2Clad – Determine Zone Coefficients
• Step 3Clad – Calculate Tributary Area
• Step 4Clad – Calculate Zone Pressure
• Step 5Clad – Calculate Panel Force
• Step 6Clad – Calculate Window Force
 Step 3Clad – Calculate the Cladding Tributary Area

• Tributary area per panel =

one-half of upper window
+
panel
+
one-half of lower window times the width

(6/2 + 7 + 8/2)(28) = 392 ft2

 Step 4Clad – Cladding pnet 30 Zone Pressure

• Table 3.10.6(b) (page 3-110)

• Interpolating panel area between
100 and 500 ft2:

392  100
 0.73
500  100
 Step 4Clad – Cladding pnet 30 Zone Pressure

• Inward pressure – Zone A

12.4 – 0.73(12.4 – 10.9) = 11.3 psf
λ·Ι·pnet30 = 1.18(1.15)(11.3) = 15.3 psf
 Step 4Clad – Cladding pnet 30 Zone Pressure

• Outward pressure – Zone A

15.1 – 0.73(15.1 – 12.1) = 12.9 psf
λ·Ι·pnet30 = 1.18(1.15)(12.9) = 17.5 psf
 Step 4Clad – Cladding pnet 30 Wind Force

• Panel Size
– Height – 7 ft
– Length – 28 ft
• Force on panel:
Inward: 7.0(28)(15.3) = 2999 lb
Outward: 7.0(28)(17.5) = 3430 lb
 Step 5Clad – Window Forces

• Force on panel from upper window:

– Inward: (6.0/2)(28)(15.3) = 1285.2 lb
– Outward: (6.0/2)(28)(17.5) = 1470 lb
 Step 5Clad – Window Forces

• Force on panel from lower window:

– Inward: (8.0/2)(28)(15.3) = 1713.6 lb
– Outward: (8.0/2)(28)(17.5)= 1960 lb
Step 6Clad – Resultant Cladding FDB
Questions?