Evaluation

Techniques for
Application
and Analysis
Objectives
 Application of Principles and Generalizations

Application
- is the use of abstractions in particular and concrete
situations. The abstractions may be in the form of general ideas,
rules of procedures, or generalized method.

Ability to apply principles and generalizations to new problems

and situations
- is a type of educational objective which is found in most
courses of instruction beginning in the elementary school upto
professional school levels.
 Three Phrases of Application Objectives

1. New Problems and Situations

- we mean problems and situations which are likely to be
new to student.

2. Principles and generalizations

* Principles – we mean a statement about a process or
relation which describes a fundamental truth or a law accepted
and used by the scholars in the field.
Ex.
• The pressure of a given quantity of gas increase with an
increase temperature.
• The capacity of air to hold water increases with an increase in
temperature.
* Generalizations – we mean general statements or inferences
which summarized a body of information or other particulars and
which can be applied in new situations.
Ex. a. Frustration increases anxiety.
b. Crime is greatest among individuals who are alienated from
society.
3. The ability to Apply
- implies that with appropriate training, practice, and other
kinds of help students become able to apply principles and
generalizations to new problems and situations.

TESTING FOR APPLICATION

Requirements for making test items for the application of principles

and generalizations from the three Phrases.
1. The problem situation must be new.

2. The problem should be solvable in part by the use of

appropriate principles or generalizations.

3. One or more of the behavior under the ability to apply should

be sampled by the test problem.
ANALYSIS
- is the breakdown of a communication into its constituent
elements or parts such that the relative hierarchy of ideas is made
clear and/ or the relations between the ideas expressed are made
explicit.
GENERAL TAXONOMY CATEGORY OF ANALYSIS

1. Taxonomic classification Analysis of elements.

2. Taxonomic subcategory Analysis of relationships.

3. Analysis of organizational principles.

The ability to Analyze
- is a complex set of skills and behaviors which the student
can learn through practice with a variety of materials.

TESTING FOR ANALYSIS

1. The problem situation, document, or material to be analyzed

must be new, unfamiliar, or in some way different from that
used instruction.
2. The new situation, document, or material should be available
to the students as they make the analysis, and they should be
able to refer to it as they attempt to answer the questions or
solve the problems posed by the evaluator.

3. One or more behaviors listed in the Ability to analyze should

be sampled by the test problem.

4. The adequacy of a particular analysis should be determined by

a comparison with that made by competent persons in the field
or by a judgment of the adequacy with which evidence is used to
infer particular unstated qualities or characteristics.
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