Chris Stallard Presentation Final Version

Characterization of core fractures and diametrical core
deformation analysis of a rock core originating from the 5

km deep Basel-1 well
Christopher Stallard
Supervisors: Dr. Martin Ziegler (ETH Zürich), Dr. Benoît Valley (Université de Neuchâtel)
Department of Earth Sciences
Christopher Stallard | 29.5.2018 | 1
Engineering Geology
Site Location
 In 2006, Basel-1 well was drilled to a depth of 5 km in the city of Basel, Switzerland
 Located in the Upper Rhine Graben
Modified after
Häring et al.,
2008
Engineering Geology
Borehole Overview
 Part of the “Deep Heat
Mining” project, drilled
between May and October
2006
 Total depth drilled 5 km

 2.4 km sedimentary rock
 2.6 km crystalline basement – all
borehole logging conducted here
 Rock types determined from

cuttings, approximately 8.7 Modified
after Häring
meters of core retrieved from et al., 2008
~4909 m level
Engineering Geology
Site Background
 Purpose of this deep well was to

develop an Enhanced Geothermal
System (EGS)
 EGS would be used to power a

geothermal co-generation plant
 After first six days of fluid injection,

induced seismicity of up to M3.4 was
produced and project was shut down
Source: University of Nebraska, Omaha

Engineering Geology
If the project is shut down, why is it still important?
 The induced seismicity led to many
discussions and research efforts
 The horizontal stress state is very important

for the study of the seismicity of the area, as
well as in general for EGS systems and other
deep projects, such as mines
 Two main methods for determining the

horizontal stress state:
 From the borehole wall
 From core samples (if available)
Source: Skeele Petroleum Resources, Inc

Engineering Geology
Research Questions
Primary Goal: Derive the stress state at the Basel-1 site using core-based methods, and compare
the results to that determined from well-based methods
 What is the stress state as inferred from induced fractures and core geometry? And how does it
compare to that from borehole breakouts?
 Do photogrammetric core scans produce robust models of a high enough resolution to determine
stress state information from minute differences in core diameter?
 What is the rock anisotropy and what is its impact on inferred stresses?

Engineering Geology
Stress determination: In the well SHmax
 Borehole breakouts
Shmin
 Stress orientation
 Direction of breakout = Shmin direction
(Zoback et al., 1985)
Shmin
SHmax
 Stress magnitude Source: Valley and Evans, 2009
 Estimate from vertical stress profile

 Hydraulic testing can constrain Shmin
 Width of the borehole breakouts can give
SHmax estimates (Barton et al., 1988)
Source:
Naturalfractures.com
Engineering Geology
Stress determination: From the core geometry
 Diametrical Core Deformation
Analysis (DCDA)
 Relatively new method, proven

effective by work of Funato et al.
(2012, 2017)
 Direction of max. deformation =

direction of SHmax Source:
Funato et
al., 2012
 Magnitude of deformation can be

Young’s Modulus
used to back calculate stress
magnitude using rock properties 𝐸 𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛
∆𝑆 = ( )( ቇ
Difference between
maximum and minimum 1+𝑣 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛
stress
Poisson’s Ratio
Engineering Geology
Stress determination: From the induced fracture geometry
 Drilling-induced fractures form in both
borehole wall (DITFs) and in core
itself (core disking)
 Most prominent and well studied form

is the core disking phenomenon Source: Li and Schmitt, 1988
 Typically form in a saddle shape that

can provide orientation information Source:
Song,
 Direction of long axis = direction of 1998
SHmax (Song and Haimson, 1999)
 Distance between discs can provide

rough estimate of stress magnitude
 Generally thinner = higher magnitude
(Lim and Martin, 2010)
Engineering Geology
The core
~4909 m
Box 1 Box 2
Box 3 Box 4
Box 5 Box 6
Box 7 Box 8
~4917 m
Box 9 Box 10
Engineering Geology
Core Lithology
 Monzogranite
 Brighter, coarser grained (few mm to
cm), abundant phenocrysts (up to 5
cm)
 Monzonite
 Darker, fine grained (few mm),
scattered phenocrysts (few cm)
 “Mafic enclave” (Monzonitic)

 Rounded, fine grained (few mm)

Engineering Geology Source: Kaeser et al., 2007
Reference line and orientation convention

Engineering Geology
Core Geometry - Data sets
 Coordinate-Measuring Machine
 Performed by Mitutoyo Schweiz on 4 Line every
10°
core pieces
 Takes hours to half a day
 ~10,000 points per piece
 .02 μm resolution (0.00002 mm)
Point every mm
Not to scale

Engineering Geology
Core Geometry - Data sets
 Photogrammetric scanning
 Performed on 51 pieces
 Takes less than an hour
 Hundreds of thousands to millions of
points per piece
~22 cm
 μm resolution (~0.001 mm)
~8 cm

Engineering Geology
Core Geometry – Data analysis
Coordinate-Measuring Machine: Photogrammetric scanning:
Convert to
Cartesian and
fit ellipse Cut 1 mm slices of points
and fit ellipse
Results:
Dmax/Dmin =
“Strength” of ellipticity
Stress Magnitude:
Dmax
Dmin
Stress Orientation:
Engineering Geology
Direction of Dmax Christopher Stallard | 29.5.2018 | 15
Direction of Dmin
Core Geometry – Validity of photogrammetric scanning
Piece 4-1 – Monzogranite
Coordinate-Measuring Machine Photogrammetry
Mean
Dmax/ % of
Azimuth
Dmin Points
Diff.
All 100% 14.23°
> 50
56/58% 8.60°
μm
> 100
21/25% 2.87°
μm
n = 280 n = 293
> 150
4/5% 0.44°
μm

Engineering Geology
Piece 5-2 – Monzonite
Mean
Dmax/ % of
Azimuth
Dmin Points
Diff.
All 100% 5.04°
> 50
36/50% 5.44°
μm
> 100
16/16% 1.26°
μm
n = 225 n = 255
n = ___ > 150
0/0% -
μm

Engineering Geology
Mean
Dmax/ % of
Azimuth
Dmin Points
Diff.
All 100% 4.30°
> 50
37/45% 4.65°
μm
> 100
3/8% 2.77°
μm
n = 198 n = 209
> 150
0/3% -
μm

Engineering Geology
Mean
Dmax/ % of
Azimuth
Dmin Points
Diff.
All 100% 11.11°
> 50
32/31% 18.95°
μm
> 100
0/2% -
μm
n = 158 n = 170
> 150
0/0% -
μm

Engineering Geology
Core Geometry – Results so far and next steps
 Photogrammetry appears to be valid for DCDA
 The clear directions of deformation may be

compared directly to borehole breakouts
 Calculate stress magnitude assuming isotropic

conditions
 Calculate anisotropic stress state

 Characterize with P-wave velocity tests Dynamic Static
? 𝐸𝑥
 Poorly defined E modulus
 If rock is anisotropic, it will also differ in different
~80
GPa
39
GPa 𝐸 ?
directions
From
sonic/
density
Braun,
2007 𝐸𝑦
Department of Earth Sciences logs Christopher Stallard | 29.5.2018 | 20
Engineering Geology
Anisotropy Characterization - Methodology
 P-wave velocities should

show anisotropy
 Faster velocities parallel to
foliation
Source: Proceq.com
 Velocity testing performed

on 22 pieces
 Some calibration issues

Engineering Geology
Anisotropy Characterization - Results so far and next steps
 Clear trends in maximum and
minimum velocity
 Simple characterization of
anisotropy with velocity ratios
 Once photog. analysis is

complete, compare velocity
directions to direction of
deformation
 Possible additional lab tests/3D

modeling to refine Young’s Could this be due to foliation?
modulus and anisotropy
characterization
Engineering Geology
Fracture Geometry
 Significant work on fracture
mapping already done by Fanny
Gretillat
 Use photogrammetric scan

models to do additional fracture
mapping
 Stress orientations from saddle
Source: Gretillat, 2017
SHmax
?
shape
 Magnitude estimates from disc
spacing
 Can other DITFs seen mostly in SHmax

the core wall also be traced in the Source:
core? Ziegler et
al. 2017

Engineering Geology
Summary and Next Steps
 Core geometry
 Developed a routine to conduct DCDA on unique photogrammetric models and confirm their validity
 Use photogrammetric models to estimate stress directions and calculate stress magnitudes (isotropically and
later anisotropically)
 Fracture geometry
 Analyze and check the fracture mapping already done by Fanny
 Estimate stress directions and magnitudes
 Use photogrammetric scans to investigate and discuss the fractures present in the cores that are not due to
core disking
Core
Geometry
 Anisotropy characterizations
 Velocity testing shows the rock is clearly anisotropic
 Quantify anisotropy and determine anisotropic stress state
 Additional lab tests to constrain directional E modulus
 3D modeling of core deformation Fracture Borehole
Geometry Breakouts
 Final comparisons and then what comes next?
Engineering Geology
References
 Barton, C. A., Zoback, M. D., & Burns, K. L. (1988). In‐situ stress orientation and magnitude at the Fenton Geothermal Site, New Mexico, determined from wellbore
breakouts.
 Braun, R. (2007). Analyse gebirgsmechanischer Versagenszustände beim Geothermieprojekt Basel. Report to Geopower Basel AG for Swiss Deep Heat Mining
Project Basel. Dr. Roland Braun. Consultancy in rock mechanics, Basel, Switzerland.
 Funato, A., & Ito, T. (2017). A new method of diametrical core deformation analysis for in-situ stress measurements. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and
Mining Sciences, 91, 112-118.
 Funato, A., Ito, T., & Shono, T. (2012). Laboratory verification of the Diametrical Core Deformation Analysis (DCDA) developed for in-situ stress measurements. Paper
presented at the 46th US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium.
 Gretillat, F. (2017). Micro et macrofracturation des carottes du forage géothermique BS-1. Faculté des Sciences. Université de Neuchâtel.
 Häring, M. O., Schanz, U., Ladner, F., & Dyer, B. C. (2008). Characterisation of the Basel 1 enhanced geothermal system. Geothermics, 37(5), 469-495.
 Li, Y., & Schmitt, D. R. (1998). Drilling‐induced core fractures and in situ stress. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 103(B3), 5225-5239.
 Kaeser, B., Kalt, A., & Borel, J. (2007). The crystalline basement drilled at the Basel-1 geothermal site, a preliminary petrologicalgeochemical study. Report to
Geopower Basel AG for Swiss Deep Heat Mining Project Basel. Institut de Géologie et d'Hydrogéologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
 Lim, S., & Martin, C. (2010). Core disking and its relationship with stress magnitude for Lac du Bonnet granite. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining
Sciences, 47(2), 254-264.
 Song, I., & Haimson, B. (1999). Core disking in Westerly granite and its potential use for in situ stress estimation. Paper presented at the Vail Rocks 1999, The 37th
US Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS).
 Valley, B., & Evans, K. F. (2015). Estimation of the stress magnitude in Basel enhanced geothermal system. Paper presented at the Proceedings World Geothermal
Congress, Melbourne, Australia.
 Ziegler, M., Valley, B., & Evans, K. F. (2015). Characterisation of natural fractures and fracture zones of the Basel EGS reservoir inferred from geophysical logging of
the Basel-1 well.
 Zoback, M. D., Moos, D., Mastin, L., & Anderson, R. N. (1985). Well bore breakouts and in situ stress. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 90(B7), 5523-
5530.

Engineering Geology
Any questions?
Thanks for your time!

Engineering Geology

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Characterization of core fractures and diametrical core

deformation analysis of a rock core originating from the 5

 Located in the Upper Rhine Graben

 Total depth drilled 5 km

 Rock types determined from

 Purpose of this deep well was to

 EGS would be used to power a

 After first six days of fluid injection,

Source: University of Nebraska, Omaha

 The horizontal stress state is very important

 Two main methods for determining the

Department of Earth Sciences

Department of Earth Sciences

 Estimate from vertical stress profile

 Relatively new method, proven

 Direction of max. deformation =

 Magnitude of deformation can be

 Most prominent and well studied form

 Typically form in a saddle shape that

 Distance between discs can provide

 “Mafic enclave” (Monzonitic)

Department of Earth Sciences

Department of Earth Sciences

Department of Earth Sciences

Department of Earth Sciences

All 100% 14.23°

Department of Earth Sciences

All 100% 5.04°

Department of Earth Sciences

All 100% 4.30°

Department of Earth Sciences

All 100% 11.11°

Department of Earth Sciences

 The clear directions of deformation may be

 Calculate stress magnitude assuming isotropic

 Calculate anisotropic stress state

 P-wave velocities should

 Velocity testing performed

 Some calibration issues

Department of Earth Sciences

 Once photog. analysis is

 Possible additional lab tests/3D

 Use photogrammetric scan

 Can other DITFs seen mostly in SHmax

Department of Earth Sciences

Department of Earth Sciences

Thanks for your time!

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