Angle Modulation

 modulation where the angle of the

carrier is varied from its reference
value
Two forms:

1. Phase Modulation (PM)

- the phase angle of a carrier is
being varied by an amount
proportional to the modulating signal
amplitude
- also known as Indirect FM
2. Frequency Modulation (FM)
- the frequency of the carrier is
varied according to the
instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal
Advantages of FM over AM
1. FM reception is less noisy in
comparison to AM.
- This is because the man-made
noises and atmospheric noises
produce only amplitude variation and
amplitude is constant in FM. Also,
most FM receivers are fitted with
amplitude limiter.
2. FM broadcast operates in the VHF
range (88 to 108 MHz).
- This happens to be less noisy
because of space-wave propagation.

3. Rejection of interfering signals

because of “Capture Effect”.
Disadvantages of FM

1. FM transmitting and receiving

equipment is more complicated,
much costly as compared to AM.

2. The area of reception is limited

only to line-of-sight.
3. A much wider channel is required
for FM.
- Excessive use of spectrum space.

AM: bandwidth = 9 kHz

(Philippines)
FM: bandwidth = 200 kHz