CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS AND ERROR

ANALYSIS IN LANGUAGE TEACHING

Universitas Indraprasta PGRI

Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris
2016
The English And Indonesian Suprasegmental
Phonemes
&
The CA on The Level of Morphology

By:
Dias Ayunas
Diniyatul Aliyah
Iin Yulianti
Nuzli Fitri
Sofa Amatillah
Riska Astari
The English And Indonesian Suprasegmental Phonemes
- Word Stress
- Sentence Stress
- Rhythm
- Intonation Pattern
The CA on The Level of Morphology
- Morphological Process
- Parts of Speech
 WORD STRESS

• When a syllable is stressed, it is

pronounced:
• longer in duration
• higher in pitch
• pitch movement
• louder in volume
 Word Stress in English Word Stress in Indonesia

• Important • Not important

• Convey Meaning • No meaning

Example : Example:
• preSENT (verb) • bacaan (kata benda)
• PREsent (noun) • membaca (kata kerja)
 THE DIFFERENCES
in English
• Each word has its own
stress pattern
• Stress plays an important
role a wrong placement of
stress may change the part
of speech of that word
in Indonesia
• In Indonesian Stress is not
important enough
• Every syllable has a relatively
the same degree
• The place of stress depends
on the meaning
• The stress can be put
anywhere without changing
 The Problem of Word Stress

• Indonesian learners is difficult on English

word stress. Their English sounds
monotonous to English speakers and
difficult to understand.
• It can cause misunderstanding because
they put the stress in the wrong syllable.
 SENTENCE STRESS

• Sentence stress is the beat on certain words within

a sentence
• In other words, sentence stress can be described as
the rhythm of spoken language
• Like word or syllable stress, sentence stress can
help you to understand a language, especially when
spoken fast
In spoken English, we use sentence stress to show
our listeners which parts of our sentences are the
most important (the parts that carry the most
meaning).

We usually stress content words, for example, main

verbs, nouns and adjectives rather than structure
words (articles or auxiliary verbs.)

We stress words by saying them slightly louder and

more slowly than the other words in the sentence.
Both in English and Indonesian:

The greatest stress is placed at the word which the

speaker thinks is the most important.

The placement of stress in the sentence shifts from one

word to another

English : I eat ice cream and chocolate.

Indonesia : Saya makan es krim dan coklat.

So, it is not a problem for the Indonesian speakers who

learn English.
The above rules are for what is called “normal stress”.

But sometimes we can stress words that are structure

words, for example to correct information, such as in:

They’ve been to japan, haven’t they?

No, they haven’t, but we have

NOTE : the underline words are stresse, although they

belong to the structure words
 the sense of movement in speech, marked by the stress, timing, and
quantity of syllables.

ENGLISH The stressed-timed rhythm

There is an equal amount of time between
stressed syllables.
Dogs chase me
Example: The dogs chase me
The dogs are chasing
me

INDONESIAN The syllable-timed rhythm

There is an equal amount of time for
each syllable.

Example: Anjing itu mengejar saya

Anjing-anjing itu mengejar saya
The Differences and Similarities of Rhythm

• Indonesians learning English tend to stress every English

syllable or word used
• Indonesians tend to stress every syllable in an utterance
• In Indonesian, every syllable has more or less the same degree
of stress
• Indonesian is characterized by the syllable-timed rhythm

• English speakers tend to swallow many syllable,

stressing only the one that they consider relevant
• English speaker only make the stressed syllable
prominent
• English is characterized by the stressed-timed
rhythm

• Both Indonesian and English given the same amount of timed

and loudness
• Both Indonesian and English bear some significant effects to
their sentence
 INTONATION PATTERN
INTONATION is variation of spoken pitch that is not used to
distinguish words; instead it is used for a range of functions
such as:
• Indicating the attitudes and emotions of the speaker.
• Signaling the difference between statements and
questions, and between different types of question.
• Focusing attention on important elements of the spoken
message.
• Helping to regulate conversational interaction.
Intonation pattern in english is more prominent than indonesia
English has 5 basic intonation pattern  Falling intonation
 Rising intonation
 Sustained intonation
 Fall-rise intonation
 Rise-fall intonation
 Falling
answering a question, commands, wh question.
Both English and Indonesia statements are expressed with the falling intonation. So,
there is no problem here.
Example
Yes ↘, he found it on the street ↘.
Iya ↘, saya mngerti↘.

 Rising
asking for information, yes-no question, lack of finality, surprised.
Example
Are you at home ↗?
The problem :
Yes-No Question
English = Rising intonation
Indonesian = Falling intonation (asking for confirmation)
Rising intonation (implies impatience or disappointment)
Example
Is he married↗?
Apakah dia sudah datang↘?
Anda sudah tahu belum↗?

Tag-question
English = Rising (True question)
Falling (confirmation)
Indonesian = Always Falling
Example
He did not see you, did he ↘? (Asking confirmation)
He did not see you, did he ↗? (True question)
Dia tidak melihatmu, kan ↘?
Sustained
showing that something else will follow.
The problem:
Indonesian speakers longer the tempo of the last syllable and
rising intonation is used. It influences the learning of English by
Indonesian speaker.
Example
He is going to buy banana→, apple →, and orange↘.
Dia mau beli pisang↗, apel ↗, dan jeruk ↘.
Fall-rise
Showing doubt
The problem:
English uses fall-rise intonation.
Indonesian uses rising intonation.
Example
I ↘ don’t think so↗.
Kamu yakin↗ ?

Rise-fall
Implying certainty
Both English and Indonesian used this intonation. So, there is no problem
here.
Example
↗I’m sure, he must be the thieve↘.
↗Saya yakin, pasti dia pencurinya↘.
 MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS
In english there are two kinds of morphological process: Affixation And Replacement.
English
Prefixes occur before the base.
Ex: (en-), (co-) etc.
(endanger), (coordinate) etc.
Suffixes are more dominant.
Inflectional suffixes
ex.: (-s) bag-bags, (-ed) look-
looked, etc.
Derivational suffixes
ex: (ment) develop-
development, (ion) operate-
operation, etc.
Indonesia
Prefixes : (me-), (ber-), (ter-) etc.
co: (laju-melaju), (jalan-berjalan), (dekat-terdekat)
Suffixes : ( -i), (-an), (-kan) etc.
co: (pelajar-pelajari), (makan-makanan), (kerja-kerjakan)
Infixes : co: (em), (er), etc.
(em-) : tali-temali, (er-) : gigi-gerigi.
konfixes : (ke-an) : kedalaman , (pe-an) : pelarian, (per-an) :
perdagangan
combination : me+per,(mempercepat) me + per+kan,
(mempertemukan) di+per-i (diperani)
Replacement occur in noun, verb, and adjectives.
Ex: criterion- criteria (noun)
go- went- gone (verb)
good- better- best (adjective)

Reduplication is an important device to show plurality.

Ex: Her houses are big Rumah-rumahnya besar. (noun)
He came here many times Dia datang-datang kesini. (verb)

original reduplicated : kupu-kupu ‘butterfly’

kura-kura ‘a turtle’
mata-mata ‘a spy’
The Problem of Morphological proccess
the problem for indonesian learners difficult in morphological proccess
replacement, because in indonesian no change word.
 PARTS OF SPEECH
Both English and Indonesian, parts of speech are of four
kinds : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs. In English,
morphological process occurs in all these parts of
speech.

For example :
Nouns can be given the plural suffix- s, (book=books), (bag=bags),
(cruche=cruches).

Verbs: the preffix-un, (correct=uncorrect),

the suffix-ed, (walk=walked), (talk=talked)

Adjectives: -er, (strong=stonger, big=bigger)

est, (strong=strongest, small=smallest).

Adverbs: - ly, (correct=correctly, quick=quickly).

 In Indonesian, there is no morphological process in adjectives
and adverbs. Affixation is dominant in nouns and verbs in
Indonesian.
For example :
Nouns can be given:
• The plural sufix- an, (minum=minuman, makan=makanan, main=mainan).
• The plural prefix- ter, (baik=terbaik, tinggi=tertinggi).

Verbs
• The plural prefix- me, (makan=memakan, laut=melaut )
• The plural sufix-kan, (baca=bacakan, bawa=bawakan).

• In Indonesian there is infixes, for example : -el, (gembung=gelembung), -er,

(gerlap=gemerlap).
 THE PROBLEM OF
PARTS OF SPEECH

The problem for English learners is the morphological

process in part of speech of infixation. Because in
English haven’t infixation.

The problem for Indonesian learners is difficult for

understood morphological process in adjectives and
adverbs.
 CONCLUSION

The problem for the Indonesian learners is their English sounds

monotonous to English speakers and difficult to understand.

The differences between English and indonesian learners to

learn the contrastive analysis in the level of morphology is
spesific.
THANK YOU