BIG BANG

and

Other Theories
 Learning Objectives
• 1. State the different theories that
explain the origin of the universe.
• 2. Understand the timeline of events
after Singularity has been released.
• 3. Know the variations of universe
depending on the theory.
 Divine Creation Theory
• Genesis 1: 1-3
• In the beginning, God created the
heaven and the Earth; and the Earth
was without form and void; and darkness
was upon the face of the deep and the
Spirit of the God moved upon the face
of the waters. And God said, “Let there
be light” and there was light. And God
saw the light, that it was good.
 Big Bang Theory
• Proposed by Alexander Friedman and George
Lamaitre in 1920
• Universe came from singularity (Everything
was started by singularity in which matter,
energy, space and time were created- and no
one or no body knows what the singularity
was or how long it had been there. That’s
why singularity is the past, present and
future of the universe)
• This happened 13.8 billions years ago
(meaning it had a definite beginning and it
will have an ending)
• It is proposed that the universe is expanding
• The universe is HOMOGENOUS and
ISOTROPIC at any cosmological time
• Big bang is a release of energy (so for the
record, its just named “big bang” because of
a sudden release of energy, therefore, no
explosion happened)
• Big bang produced 2 main types of particles:
matter and anti matter
 Time Era Temperature Characteristics of Universe

0 to 10 -43 s Big Bang Infinite -Infinitely small, infinitely

dense primeval fireball
-Superunified force
10 -43 s Planck Time 10 32 K -Earliest known time that
could be described by
modern physics
-Grand unified theory
10 -35 s End of GUT 10 27 K -Unified force
-Quarks and Leptons formed
along with their anti particles
10 -35 to 10 -33 s Inflation 10 27 K -Size of the universe
drastically increased by factor
of 10 30 to 10 40
10 -12 s End of Unified Forces 10 15 K -None of the unified forces
existed
-Protons and neutrons
started forming from quarks
10 -7 s Heavy Particle 10 14 K -Proton and neutron
production in full swing
10 -4 s Light Particle 10 12 K -Electrons and positrons
formed
100 s (a few minutes) Nucleosynthesis 10 9 to 10 7 K -Helium, deuterium and a
few other elements formed
380, 000 years Recombination (Decoupling) 3000 K -Matter and radiation
separated
-End of radiation domination;
 Evidences of Big Bang
• 1. Universe expansion (Galaxies are moving
away)
• 2. Presence of CMB
• 3. Doppler effect of galaxies
Expansion of Universe
CMB
Doppler Effect
 Steady State Theory
• Proposed by Bondi,
Gold and Hoyle in 1948
• It proposed that the
universe is unchanging
in time and uniform in
space
 Inflation Theory
• Proposed by Alan Guth,
Andrew Linde, Paul
Steinhart
• This theory offered
solutions to the
UNRESOLVED
PROBLEMS OF Big Bang