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Topic discussed: Francis Turbine
Name: ID:
Razin Sazzad Molla 13107010
13107010@iubat.edu
razin505@gmail.com
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Machines that extract energy fromfluid Hydraulic turbines (A briefoverview)
stream are called turbines(Hydraulic turbines,
Steam turbines, Gas turbines). In hydraulic
turbines the working fluidis water and is
incompressible. Potential energy stored in
water at high head(hydro-power) isconverted
in mechanical energy and used as prime
movers. Momentum of incoming water is
utilized.
The mechanical energy developed by
a turbine is used in running an
electric
generator which is directly coupled to the
shaft of the turbine. The powergenerated is
called hydroelectric power. In 2015
hydropower generated 16.6% of the world's
total electricity and 70% of all renewable
electricity
Broadly classified in 2 groups according to the
action of water (ways of imparting energy
from water to turbine runner): Impulse 2
turbines & reactionturbines
Francis turbine
Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. It is an Inward Flow
Reaction Turbine having Radial Discharge at Outlet. (i.e. Blade angle = 90). Modern Francis
Turbine is a mixed flow type turbine (i.e. Water enters the runner of the turbine in the
radial direction and leaves the runner in the axial direction).
It was developed by James B. Francis in Lowell, Massachusetts, (Mill CityUSA)
Operate in a water head from 10 to 650 meters (33 to 2,133 feet) and are primarily used
for electrical power production
The turbine powered generator power output generally ranges from 10 to750 megawatts,
Penstock (input pipes) diameters are between 1 and 10 meters (3 and 33 feet).The speed
range of the turbine is from 83 to 1000 rpm.
Wicket gates around the outside of the turbine's rotating runner adjust the water flow rate
through the turbine for different water flow rates and power production rates
Francis turbines are almost always mounted with the shaft vertical to keep water away
from the attached generator and to facilitate installation and maintenance access to it and
the turbine.
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This turbine was invented by Sir
James B. Francis in Lowell,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Studying the Boyden turbine ,Francis
was able to redesign it toincrease
efficiency.
Boyden Turbine could achieve a 65
percent efficiency.
So, James France redesigned this
turbine and new turbine with 88%
efficiency was invented.
This was known as ‘Francis turbine’.
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Sir James B. Francis
The Invention
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Turbine runner Draft tube
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The water after passing through
the runner flows to the tail race
through a draft tube. A draft tube
is a pipe or passage of gradually
increasing cross sectional area
which connects the runner exitto
the tail race. The draft tubehas 2
purposes :
1. It permits a negative or suction
head to be established atthe
runner exit.
2. It converts a large proportion
of velocity energy rejected
from the runner into useful
pressure energy.(i.e., acts asa
recuperator of pressure
energy) Draft tube
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Blade geometry and characteristics
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Velocity triangle
At inlet triangle:
𝑈1 = velocity of the blade
at inlet
𝑉1= absolute velocity of
entering water
𝑉𝑟1 = relative velocity of At outlet triangle:
entering water 𝑈2 = velocity of the
𝑉𝑓1 = velocity of flow at blade at outlet
inlet
𝑉𝑟2 = relative velocity of
𝛼1 = guide blade angle leaving water
𝛽1 = vane angle 𝑉𝑓2= 𝑉2 =velocity of
flow at outlet
𝛼2 = guide bladeangle
𝛽2 = vane angle
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Velocity triangles of Francis Turbines at turbine runner blade inlet and outlet under
different operation conditions: (a) maximum wicket gate opening condition; (b) peak
efficiency condition; (c) minimum wicket gate opening condition. 16
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Operation of GuideVanes
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Work done andefficiencies
𝑉𝑤1 𝑣1
Work done per 𝑘𝑁 of water = 1
𝑉𝑤 .𝑣 −𝑉 𝑤 1𝑣1 = 𝑉𝑤.𝑣 −
𝑔 𝑔 𝑔
𝑉𝑤 . 𝑉 𝑤1 𝑣1 𝑉 2
If there is no loss ofenergy then, − =𝐻 − 1
𝑔 𝑔 2𝑔
If the discharge of the Francis turbine is radial (most of the cases) then,
Guide blade angle at exit 𝛽 = 90, 𝑉𝑤1 = 0, 𝑉1= 𝑉𝑓1
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EFFICIENCYOFFRANCISTURBINE
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Comparison with other turbines
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ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
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Recent Advancements:
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