Technological University (Kyaukse)

Department of Electrical Power Engineering

DESIGN AND CALCULATION OF SOLAR POWER
GENERATION SYSTEM FOR THAYATPINKAN
VILLAGE

Presented By
Ma Aye Thandar
VI EP-15
20.3.1018
1
 Outline of Presentation

• Introduction
• Aim and Objectives
• Significance of thesis
• Outline of Mini thesis

• Future Plan

2
 Introduction

• There are two sources of electricity generation system.

• They are conventional energy sources and renewable energy sources.
• The conventional energy sources comprises as nuclear energy and the
renewable energy sources comprise as solar , wind ,water , geothermal
and biomass etc.
• . The off-grid spectrum are mini-grids that can provide electricity to a
village through a centralized generation system at the local level
• The location of model village has been chosen by design and
calculation is THATYATPINKAN village.

3
 Aim and Objectives
The aim and objectives of mini thesis are……
• To calculate the design of load side for THAYATPINKAN village
• To uplift the living standard of rural people
• To collect data of daily load profile for each month in THAYETPINKAN
village
• To study the type of solar array and installation location position
• To analyze the design calculation of voltage and current from the solar PV
system

4
 Significance of mini Thesis

• It is an abundant renewable energy. It is non-polluting technology, which means

that it does not release greenhouse gases .
• Useful equipment in rural society is investigated and the total energy demand for
894 people with 104 houses is calculated and then PV array, inverter , charge
controller , battery ,cable are chosen to meet the total energy demand in this thesis
• Due to this system, the standard of this village is higher and the production speed
of small domestic work is developed .The daily income of each villager becomes
higher.
• Solar energy generation is dependent on weather conditions and certain
geographic limitations .
5
 Outline of Mini Thesis
• Chapter(1): Introduction of solar powering system in thayatpinkan
village
• Chapter(2): Background Theory of Solar Energy and Solar Powering
system
• Chapter(3): Components of OFF Grid Solar powering System
• Chapter(4): Design Calculation of solar power generation system for
Thayatpinkan village
• Chapter(5):Discussion and Conclusion

6
Solar electrification System
• The sun delivers its energy in two main forms that are heat and light.
• There are two main types of solar system. They are Solar thermal systems
and solar electricity generation systems
• In this thesis, the main portion is base upon the solar electricity generation
system
• Systems’ capabilities are complicated because of the giving power to the
whole village
• System components include the solar PV panels, Battery Bank,power
conditioning equipment .
• Solar electrification system consists of solar generation system with
distribution panel and the distribution line.

7
Continues;

Figure;Solar Thermal Figure; Solar PV

8
 Continues;
• Solar thermal power is usually used for water heating. It’s a simple
technology: the panels on the roof are the collectors of sunlight, thus
heating up the liquid in the tubes which is then transported into your
cylinder ready for use.
• Solar PV panels are a relatively newer technology compared to
thermal. There are few types of them - Monocrystalline,
Polycrystalline and Thin-film solar panels. They absorb sunlight and
transform it into electricity by utilizing a silicon based technology.

9
 Photovoltaic(PV)
• Photovoltaic (PV) is a term which covers the conversion of light into electricity using
semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, photochemistry, and
electrochemistry .
• Some materials exhibit a property known as the photoelectric effect that causes them to absorb
photons of light and release electrons. When these free electrons are captured, an electric current
results that can be used as electricity.
• Solar PV has specific advantages as an energy source: once installed, its operation generates no
pollution and no greenhouse gas emissions , it shows simple scalability in respect of power
needs and silicon has large availability in the Earth’s crust .
• PV systems have the major disadvantage that the power output is dependent on direct sunlight
• After hydro and wind powers , PV is the third renewable energy source in terms of global
capacity.
10
Continues;

The diagram above illustrates the operation of a basic

photovoltaic cell, also called a solar cell. Solar cells are
made of the same kinds of semiconductor materials, such
as silicon, used in the microelectronics industry. For solar
cells, a thin semiconductor wafer is specially treated to
form an electric field, positive on one side and negative on
the other. When light energy strikes the solar cell,
electrons are knocked loose from the atoms in the
semiconductor material. If electrical conductors are
attached to the positive and negative sides, forming an
electrical circuit, the electrons can be captured in the form
of an electric current -- that is, electricity. This electricity
11
can then be used to power a load, such as a light or a tool .
Continues;

12
Types of Solar electrification system
• Grid Connected Solar electrification systems
• Off Grid(Stand alone) Solar electrification systems
• Direct coupled DC system
• Power point tracking DC system
• Self regulated DC system
• Regulated DC system
• Direct AC system
• Ac system with storage
• Mixed AC and DC system

13
 Grid Connected Solar electrification systems

A grid-tied system is still attached to the power grid. If for some reason there lose power through
solar system, it will be able to draw power from the grid
14
Off Grid(Stand alone) Solar electrification
systems

• Off Grid(Stand alone) Solar electrification systems means

to live and work with electricity in areas where utility power is either
unavailable or too expensive to bring in.

• To make this system work as efficiently as possible, there need to

have batteries to store power so that when the sun hides behind the
clouds, it ’ll still have power. Batteries can be expensive and typically
have to be replaced every five to seven years.

15
Continues;

16
Components of OFF Grid Solar powering
System
• Every solar system needs similar components to start with. A grid-tied
solar system consists of the following components:
• Solar Panels
• DC-AC grid-tied solar inverter
• Solar cables
• Charge Controller
• Battery Bank
• A Connected Load

17
continues;

18
Optional components Off-Grid solar system

• Depending upon needs, there may be other components that you

require. These include:
• A backup Generator or a Backup Source of power
• A Transfer Switch
• AC Load Center
• A DC Load Center

19
PV Panel:
• This is used to convert solar energy to electrical energy. Whenever
sunlight falls upon these panels, these generate electricity which
feeds the batteries.

20
Charge Controller
• : A charge controller determines how much current should be
injected into the batteries for its most optimum performance. As it
determines the efficiency of the entire solar system as well as the
operating life of the batteries, it is a critical component. The charge
controller protects the battery bank from overcharging.
• Good charge controllers are crucial for keeping the batteries healthy,
which ensures the lifetime of a battery bank is maximized.

21
 DC-AC Inverter
• A DC-AC solar inverter is a power electronics device which is used to convert
Direct Current to Alternating Current. The electricity generated by Solar Systems
is DC in nature while most of household loads require AC power. This conversion
takes place in real time with a very minimal time gap .DC loads can be directly fed
from the solar system and do not require an Inverter.
• Off-grid inverters do not have to match phase with the utility sine wave as
opposed to grid-tie inverters. Electrical current flows from the solar panels
through the solar charge controller and the bank battery bank before it is finally
converted into AC by the off-grid-inverter.

22
 Battery Bank:

• There may be periods when there is no sunlight.,evenings, nights and cloudy

days are examples of such situations beyond our control. In order to provide
electricity during these periods, excess energy, during day, is stored in these
battery banks and is used to power loads whenever required.
• Without a battery bank (or a generator) it’ll be lights out by sunset. A battery
bank is essentially a group of batteries wired together.

23
Backup Generator
• Even though a backup generator is not always required, it is a good
device to add as it increases reliability as well as redundancy. By
installing it, there are making sure that it was not solely dependent
upon solar for power requirements. Modern generators can be
configured to start automatically when the solar array and /or battery
bank doesn’t provide sufficient power.

24
AC Load Center
• An AC Load Centre is somewhat like a panel board with all
appropriate switches, fuses and circuit breakers that help maintain
required AC voltage and current to corresponding loads.

25
 DC Load Center
• A DC Load Centre is similar and also includes all appropriate switches, fuses and
circuit breakers that help maintain required DC voltage and current to
corresponding loads.

26
12 Volt 2% Wire Loss Chart

• Maximum distance one-way in feet of various gauge two conductor

copper wire from power source to load for 2% voltage drop in a 12
volt system. You can go twice the distance where a 4% loss is
acceptable. Do not exceed the 2% drop for wire between PV modules
and batteries. A 4 to 5% loss is acceptable between batteries and
lighting circuits in most cases. Multiply distances by 2 for 24 volts and
by 4 for 48 volts.

27
 Continues;

Amps #14 #12 #10 #8 #6 #4 #2 #1/0 #2/0 #4/0

1 45 70 115 180 290 456 720 . . .
2 22.5 35 57.5 90 145 228 360 580 720 1060
4 10 17.5 27.5 45 72.5 114 180 290 360 580
6 7.5 12 17.5 30 47.5 75 120 193 243 380
8 5.5 8.5 11.5 22.5 35.5 57 90 145 180 290
10 4.5 7 11.5 18 28.5 45.5 72.5 115 145 230
15 3 4.5 7 12 19 30 48 76.5 96 150
20 2 3.5 5.5 9 14.5 22.5 36 57.5 72.5 116
25 1.8 2.8 4.5 7 11.5 18 29 46 58 92
30 1.5 2.4 3.5 6 9.5 15 24 38.5 48.5 77
40 . . 2.8 4.5 7 11.5 18 29 36 56
50 . . 2.3 3.6 5.5 9 14.5 23 29 46
100 . . . . 2.9 4.6 7.2 11.5 14.5 23
150 . . . . . . 4.8 7.7 9.7 15
200 . . . . . . 3.6 5.8 7.3 11
28
Maximum Ampacities for Wire

Copper Aluminum
Wire Size
167° F (75° C) 194° F (90° C) 167° F (75° C) 194° F (90° C)
*14 20 25 .
*12 25 30 20 25
*10 35 40 30 35
8 50 55 40 45
6 65 75 50 60
4 85 95 65 75
2 115 130 90 100
1 130 150 100 115
1/0 150 170 120 135
2/0 175 195 135 150
3/0 200 225 155 175
4/0 230 260 180 205
29
Meters and Instrumentation
• Essentially two types of meters are used in PV system
• Utility Kilowatt hour meter
• System meter

30
 Future Plans
• Chapter 1; design and calculation of solar powering system
Battery sizes, load consumptions etc
• Chapter5; Discussion and conclusion

31
 Future Plans
• Chapter 1; Introduction of automatic colour sorting and counting
machine
• Chapter2; Hardware Development
• Chapter3; Design of the automatic colour sorting and counting
machine

32
OHM’s Law
• E=IR
• I=E/R
• R=E/I
• P=EI
• P=I²R
• P=E²/R

33
34
35
THANK YOU!
36