Introduction to Cellular Network

AGENDA

• Review of Technology Principles

• Architecture and Air Interface Structure
• Measure the Signal
• Mobile and Network Interaction
• Signaling Introduction
• Network Planning
• Network Optimization
REVIEW OF TECHNOLOGY PRINCIPLES
 Mobile Experience is expanding everywhere

Billions of Mobile Connections Billions of Mobile Experiences

~25 Billion
Interconnected devices
forecast in 2020

~7 Billion >100 Billion ~270 Billion

Mobile connections, almost
as many as people on Earth App downloads App downloads
completed in 2013 expected in 2017
Mobile is an amazing technical achievement

Mind-blowing Performance Reliable Connectivity

with processing power greater than overcoming signal loss resulting in
the most advanced super All in a device receiving signal 100 trillion times
computers of the early 1990s weaker than when it originated
that fits in your
Jaw-dropping Graphics pocket Broadband Speeds
with capability to process several with blazing fast data rates capable
thousand megapixels per second of 300+ Mbps

High Quality Multimedia Long Battery Life

4K UltraHD video player/recorder with ability to power all these
HD gaming console amazing experiences with less
5.1/7.1 surround sound system energy than it takes to power a
High resolution digital camera light bulb for 15 minutes
Connectivity is the foundation of a great mobile experience

Connect Reliably
Talk and browse without interruption
with more bars in more places
Connect Real-Time Connect On-the-Go
Get instant access to content with less Talk and browse with seamless mobility
delay for “always-on” experience anywhere you get a signal

Connect Fast Connect Longer

Stream, surf, upload, and Go longer without plugging in with
download with fast, predictable
improved battery efficiency
data rates

Delivering rich mobile broadband experiences

Powered by evolving mobile technologies

Mobile 1G Mobile 2G Mobile 3G Mobile 4G Mobile 5G

AMPS, NMT, TACS D-AMPS, GSM/GPRS, CDMA2000/EV-DO, LTE, LTE Advanced NR (New Radio)
cdmaOne WCDMA/HSPA+, TD-SCDMA

N/A < 0.5 Mbps 42 Mbps 300+ Mbps > 1 Gbps

Analog Voice Digital Voice + Simple Data Mobile Broadband Faster and Better eMBB & More Connections

Richer Content Internet of Things (IoT)

(Video)
All About Spectrum Efficiency
Spectrum Efficiency – 5G Speeds

• The highest the

throughput, the highest
the site density

• Spectrum efficiency

𝐵𝑝𝑠
𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚2
 Technology Improvement

Throughput improve from 2G to 5G triggered by

 More Bandwidth
 Higher Modulation
 More carrier aggregation
 More antenna (MIMO)

2G 3G 4G
Bandwidth 0.2 MHz 5 MHz 20 MHz
Modulation 8PSK 64QAM 256QAM
Carrier Aggregation - 2 carrier 5 carrier
MIMO - - 8x8
Multiple Access TDMA & FDMA CDMA OFDM
 Change in Access Technology

• Multiple access
schemes are used to OFDMA
allow many mobile
users to share
simultaneously a finite
amount of radio
spectrum

OFDMA improve spectral efficiency better

than FDMA due to its overlapping carrier
- Orthogonality between carrier on
OFDMA mitigates interference
 Change in Modulation Scheme

MODULATION BITS PER SYMBOL SYMBOL RATE

BPSK 1 1 x bit rate
QPSK 2 1/2 bit rate
8PSK 3 1/3 bit rate
16QAM 4 1/4 bit rate
32QAM 5 1/5 bit rate
64QAM 6 1/6 bit rate
256QAM 8 1/8 bit rate

 EDGE technology is using GMSK, 8PSK modulation.

 HSDPA can use QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM modulation
 LTE can use QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM or 256QAM modulation
 Higher order modulation scheme may be used in high SINR
region
Larger Spectrum - Carrier Aggregation

 Aggregating spectrum enabling increased user and

peak data rate

Aggregate channels for higher data rates

Antenna: Multiple Input Multiple Output Antenna

 MIMO is mandatory for all LTE Ue categories except

Class 1

LTE Ue Category
ARCHITECTURE & AIR INTERFACE STRUCTURE
Network Architecture: Technology Comparison
Mobile 2G Mobile 3G Mobile 4G
GSM WCDMA, HSDPA LTE, LTE Advance
Core CS Core PS Core
GMSC
GGSN GGSN S- GW + P-GW
Network

MSC SGSN MME

MSS MGW SGSN
PS Core

BSC RNC
Evolved
Node B Node B
Radio BTS
(NB) (eNB)
Access Air Interface Air Interface Air Interface
Network
MS Ue Ue

MGW : Media Gateway SGSN : Serving GPRS Support Node BTS : Base Transceiver Station RNC : Radio Network Controller
MSS : Mobile Switching center Server GGSN : Gateway GPRS Support Node BSC : Base Station Controller
MSC : Mobile Switching Center : control plane
GMSC : Gateway MSC : user plane MS : Mobile Station Ue : User Equipment
Network Architecture: Packet Switch
Evolved Packet Core System
RAN (EPC)
BSC
PCRF
2G Combi
SGSN/MME
Gb
SGSN Gx
RNC Gateway
S4 Serving Rx+
3G Iu
PDN
S5
S12 SGi
S3
NodeB
MME
LTE S1-U S11 Operator
S1-MME Services
S6a/Gr+ S6b
Internet
eNodeB
Non S10 Corporate
3GPP Services
S2c
AAA
ePDG
Trusted Non-3GPP IP S2b
Access HSS
Control plane
Untrusted Non-3GPP S2a User plane
IP Access
 Structure of Air Interface

Mobile 1G Mobile 2G Mobile 3G Mobile 4G

AMPS GSM WCDMA, HSDPA LTE, LTE Advance

Flexible :
1.4, 3, 5,10,15,20 MHz
Only one user per radio channel Eight users per radio channel

time

More Antenna (MIMO)

Carrier aggregation Carrier aggregation

GSM Frequency Allocation

• Different uplink and downlink (FDD)

frequency. UL frequency is lower
than DL frequency.
• GSM Band that used in Indonesia is
P-GSM-900, DCS-1800 and E-GSM-
900.
• Divided into channel number called
ARFCN (Absolute Radio Frequency
Channel Number) which each of
them has 200kHz bandwidth

• Refarming: redeploying spectrum

from one technology to another
technology.
• Currently some operator do spectrum
refarming from GSM to LTE or UMTS
to increase spectral efficiency
 GSM TDMA Structure

Physical channel 5 Traffic Channel

e.g. allocated to one 4
subscriber with FR voice 3
and no frequency hopping 2
1
0
7
6
5
4 TDMA frame
3 = 8 timeslots
2 ( 0.577ms * 8 = 4.615 ms)
1
0 • One carrier is 200 kHz bandwidth
7 • Each TDMA frame contains 8 time
6
5 slot. One TDMA frame = 4.615 ms
2 2 2
4 • 1 time slot Traffic Channel can be
3 TDMA frame
2 used by :
1 • 1 user  Full Rate
0
• 2 user  Half Rate
frequency • 4 user  VAMOS
200 kHz
GSM Logical Channel
GSM Frequency Planning

• Co-channel interference and adjacent channel

interference should be avoided.
• co-channel interference: frequency serving cell
is the same with neighbor
• Adjacent-channel interference: frequency
serving cell only different one channel with
neighbor
UMTS Frequency
• UMTS has two type duplex
: FDD (Frequency Division
Duplex) and TDD (Time
Division Duplex).
• UMTS technology
implemented in Indonesia
is FDD only .
• UMTS Band that used in
Indonesia is band 1 2100
and band 8 900GSM
(U900)

• One carrier in UMTS is 5

MHz. Band 1 2100 has
total 60 MHz, so there are
60/5 = 12 carrier all.
UMTS Transmission Bandwidth
• WCDMA and CDMA2000 both use Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

1. WCDMA: Higher bandwidth implies

• 5 MHz carrier spacing
• 3.84 Mcps chip rate
2. CDMA2k:
• Better multipath diversity
• Higher processing gain
• Higher bitrates
• Lower power fluctuation

• 1.25 MHz carrier spacing

• 1.2288 Mcps

5 MHz 5 MHz

1.25 MHz

• Processing Gain = 10*log(Chip rate/bitrate)

 UMTS Processing Gain
Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)
R
Power density (W/Hz)

Gp=W/R=24.98 dB

• Spreading sequences have a different length

• Processing gain depends on the user data rate
• PS 384 kbps processing gain is lower, that
Frequency (Hz) means coverage is also smaller than voice
Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s) services
R
PS 384 kbps
Power density (W/Hz)

Gp=W/R=10 dB

voice
Frequency (Hz)
UMTS Channelization Code Tree
SF=1 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8 SF=16 ... SF=512
C16(0)=[.........
C8(0)=[11111111
.]
] C16(1)=[.........
C4(0)=[1111] .]
C16(2)=[.........
C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1] .]
C2(0)=[11] C16(3)=[.........
.]
C16(4)=[.........
C8(2)=[11-1-111-1-1] .]
C16(5)=[.........
C4(1)=[11-1-1] .]
C16(6)=[.........
C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111] .]
C16(7)=[.........
C0(0)=[1]
.]
C16(8)=[.........
C8(0)=[1-11-11-11-1] .]
C16(9)=[.........
C4(2)=[1-11- .]
1] C16(10)=[........]
C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11]
C2(1)=[1-1] C16(11)=[........]

C16(12)=[.......
C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11] .]
C16(13=[........
C4(3)=[1-1-11] .]
C16(14)=[.......
C8(7)=[1-1-11-111-1] .]
C16(15)=[.......
.]
UMTS Chips & Bits & Symbols
Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips)

+1
Baseband Data
-1
Chip Chip
+1
Spreading Code
-1
+1
Spread Signal
-1

Air Interface
+1

-1
+1
Data
-1
UMTS Bit Rate

Spreading Channel Channel bit DPDCH Maximum user

factor symbol rate channel bit data rate with ½-
rate (kbps) rate range rate coding
(ksps) (kbps) (approx.)
512 7.5 15 3–6 1–3 kbps
256 15 30 12–24 6–12 kbps Half rate speech
128 30 60 42–51 20–24 kbps Full rate speech
64 60 120 90 45 kbps
32 120 240 210 105 kbps
16 240 480 432 215 kbps 128 kbps
8 480 960 912 456 kbps 384 kbps
4 960 1920 1872 936 kbps
4, with 3 2880 5760 5616 2.3 Mbps 2 Mbps
parallel
codes
UMTS HSPA Peak Rate

Downlink HSDPA Uplink HSUPA

• Theoretical up to 21 Mbps per carrier • Theoretical up to 5.76 Mbps
• Initial capability 1.8 – 3.6 Mbps • Initial capability 1.46 Mbps

Max Max
# of codes Modulation # of codes TTI
data rate data rate
2 ms
5 codes QPSK 1.8 Mbps Phase 1 2 x SF4
10 ms
1.46 Mbps Phase 1

5 codes 16-QAM 3.6 Mbps Phase 2 2 x SF2 10 ms 2.0 Mbps

10 codes 16-QAM 7.2 Mbps Phase 3 2 x SF2 2 ms 2.9 Mbps

2 x SF2 +
15 codes 16-QAM 14.0 Mbps 2 ms 5.76 Mbps
2 x SF4

15 codes 64-QAM 21.0 Mbps

LTE Frequency Allocation
• LTE has two type duplex :
FDD (Frequency Division
Duplex) and TDD (Time
Division Duplex). Both
FDD and TDD
implemented in Indonesia
• LTE FDD Band that used in
Indonesia is band 3 1800,
Band 8 900GSM and band
5 850.
• LTE TDD implemented in
Indonesia on band 40
TD2300

• LTE has flexible bandwidth

allocation 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15
or 20 MHz.
• LTE 1800 implemented
after GSM1800 refarming
LTE Flexible Bandwidth

• Channel bandwidth: Bandwidths ranging

from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz
• Data subcarriers: They vary with the
bandwidth,
– 72 for 1.4MHz to 1200 for 20MHz

DC subcarrier i.e. direct current

LTE OFDMA and SC-OFDMA

Transmits hundreds or even thousands of separately modulated radio signals

using orthogonal subcarriers spread across a wideband channel

Total transmission bandwidth

Sampling point for
15 kHz in LTE: fixed
sub-carrier
Orthogonality
means:

The peak (centre

frequency) of one
subcarrier …

…intercepts the
‘nulls’ of the
neighbouring
subcarriers
LTE Resource Block

Subcarrier 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 • Resource Block (RB):

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
12 subcarriers in frequency
domain (180kHz) x 1 slot period
in time domain (0.5ms)
• Capacity allocation is based
on Resource Block

180 KHz
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 • 1 TTI = 1 ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Resource Block in the
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency Domain
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Subcarrier 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 slot 1 slot
Resource
1 ms subframe
Element
LTE Physical Signals and Channels

• Downlink Physical Signals • Uplink Physical Signals

• Reference Signals • Demodulation Signals:
• Synchronisation Signals • Sounding Reference Signals:
- Primary Synchronization Signals
- Secondary Synchronization Signals • Uplink Physical Channels
• Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
• Downlink Physical Channels • Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
• Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) • Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
• Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
• Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
• Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
• Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
• Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
LTE Mapping of DL Physical Signals & Channels

• PDSCH physical channel used to transfer application data has access to whatever is left over.
LTE 2x2 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output principle

Y Y Multi-path propagation and MIMO enable:

Transmitter: • 2-fold Transmit diversity
Pre-coding Receiver
• 2x2 Spatial Multiplexing:
Separation of transmit-receive channels,
- 2 different data streams sent in parallel on the same
Y Y physical resource.
- Duplicates data rate!
• Transmitter can “pre-code”
for separation

 Release 8 up to 4x4 MIMO

LTE 2x2 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output principle

• Adaptive MIMO
DL MIMO – Transmit diversity DL MIMO – Spatial multiplexing switches dynamically
between Spatial
Multiplexing (SM)
 Enhanced cell edge performance,  Doubles the peak rate at good channel MIMO (dual stream)
capacity increase conditions (near BTS) and TxDiversity (single
stream) per UE based
• 2 (BTS) TX antennas • 2 (BTS) TX antennas, 2 (UE) RX antennas on CQI and RI (Rank
• SFBC (space frequency block codes) • Spatial multiplexing with two code words Indicator) reports
received from the UE.
• Single stream (code word)

2 code words (A+B) are

transmitted in parallel to
one UE which doubles A
the peak rate.

B
 LTE Advance
 up to 100 MHz
Key aspects in Carrier Aggregation  Flexible component carrier aggregation
3GPP Rel.10  different frequency bands
…..  asymmetric in UL/DL
Carrier1 Carrier2 Carrier n
Component Carrier
Mobility (LTE rel. 8 Carrier)
8x MIMO 4x 20 MHz 10 MHz

Aggregated BW: 30MHz

Coordinated Multipoint 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz

• CoMP Receiving
in June 2009
Aggregated BW: 5x20MHz = 100MHz
transmission
from multiple
Relaying sectors 300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps 300Mbps
• Single Relay Node
architecture based
1.5Gbps
on self-backhauling
• Simple intercell interference Heterogeneous eNB
coordination in time domain networks
• Enhancements for office Femto
handovers
LTE Air Interface Specification

The LTE radio interface is standardised in the 36-series of 3GPP Release 8. The detailed
physical layer structure is described in five physical layer specifications.
LTE is standardised in the 36-series of 3GPP Release 8:
TS 36.1xx Equipment requirements (terminals, eNodeB)
TS 36.2xx Layer 1 (physical layer) specifications
TS 36.3xx Layer 2 and 3 specifications
TS 36.4xx Network Signalling specifications
TS 36.5xx User equipment conformance testing

Physical layer specifications:

OFDMA
TS 36.201 Physical layer; General description
SC-FDMA TS 36.211 Physical channels and modulation
TS 36.212 Multiplexing and channel coding
Subcarriers
eNodeB
TS 36.213 Physical layer procedures
TS 36.214 Physical layer; Measurements
Frequency
MEASURE THE SIGNAL
Signal Measurement
Mobile 2G Measurement Report

Measurement Measurements
Report

Standard Enhanced Idle mode Dedicated mode

• Rx level Standard + following: • MS listens to • MS sends DL

• Rx quality • DL frame erasure rate BCCH measurement report
• Level & BSIC of up • DTX bit error probability on SACCH
to 6 neighbours • Real time difference serving • BTS performs UL
• 3G cells – adjacent cell measurements
• 3G cells
• Control over reporting
priority
Mobile 2G Measurement Metric
Measured by BTS (UpLink)

Measured by MS (DownLink)
Rx LEVEL Rx QUALITY INTERFERENCE

RxLev Coding BER(%) Coding I Interf.

(dBm) Band
-110dBm 0 < 0.2 0
-109 1 0.2-0.4 1 -110 to -105 0
-108 2 0.4-0.8 2 -104 to -100 1
. . 0.8-1.6 3 -99 to -95 2
. . 1.6-3.2 4 -94 to -90 3
- 49 61 3.2-6.4 5 -89 to -47 4
- 48 62 6.4-12.8 6
- 47dBm 63 > 12.8 7
Mobile 2G Measurement Report

ms
MS in connected mode sent
periodic Measurement Report
every SACCH period (480 ms)

Measurement of neighbor cells

applied when MS doesn’t have
UL or DL activity
3G Measurements: CPICH RSCP & EcNo

CPICH RSCP (Received Signal Code Power)

• Received Signal Code Power, the received power on one code measured on the Primary CPICH. The reference
point for the RSCP shall be the antenna connector of the UE. If Tx diversity is applied on the Primary CPICH
the received code power from each antenna shall be separately measured and summed together in [W] to a
total received code power on the Primary CPICH. If receiver diversity is in use by the UE, the measured CPICH
RSCP value shall not be lower than the corresponding CPICH RSCP of any of the individual receive antenna
branches.

CPICH EcNo / CPICH Quality (CPICH Chip energy over noise density)
• The received energy per chip divided by the power density in the band. If receiver diversity is not in use by
the UE, the CPICH Ec/No is identical to CPICH RSCP/UTRA Carrier RSSI. Measurement shall be performed on
the Primary CPICH. The reference point for the CPICH Ec/No shall be the antenna connector of the UE.
3G Measurement Control and Measurement Report
UE RNC

Measurement Control [RLC-AM, DCCH]

used to setup, modify or release a measurement in the UE

(measurement either periodically or event-driven)

UE RNC

[RLC-AM, DCCH] Measurement Control Failure

if setup of the measurement fails

There is a
measurement
event! RNC
UE

[RLC-UM/AM, DCCH] Measurement Report

3G Measurement Control

UE UTRAN
I am in the
RRC idle mode
System Information
[BCCH]
SIB 3 & SIB 11 Node B
RNC
In 3G connected
mode, Ue will do I am in the UE UTRAN
measurement after CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH or System Information
get measurement URA_PCH sub-state [BCCH]
control from RAN SIB 4 & SIB 12 Node B
RNC
(SIB 3 & SIB 11)
I am in the UE UTRAN
CELL_DCH sub-state Measurement Control
[DCCH]
Node B
RNC
• SIB 3 [4]: parameters for cell selection & Reselection [in the RRC connected mode]
• SIB 11 [12] : measurement control information [in the RRC connected mode]
read & valid: idle, CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH, URA_PCH.
(SIB 11/12 also valid in the CELL_DCH.)
3G Measurement Control
Measurement Control ( )

UE
RNC

UE IEs
Measurement Identity
Measurement IEs setup/modify/release
Measurement Command
PhyCH IEs RLC AM/UM and
periodical reporting/event triggered
Measurement Reporting Mode
includes non-frequency
Additional measurements list related cell info

CHOICE Measurement type Measurement Type Measurement Events

Part II Traffic Volume Measurement 4A, 4B

Part III UE Internal Measurements 6A, 6B, 6C, 6D, 6E,

6F, 6G

Part IV Quality Measurements 5A

DPCH compressed mode Part V Intra-Frequency 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E,
Measurements 1F
status info
Part VI Inter-Frequency 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E,
Measurements 2F

Part VII Inter-RAT Measurements 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D

3G Measurement Event
1. Intra-frequency measurements
Parameter: CPICH EcNo, CPICH RSCP, pathloss
Event 1a: A Primary CPICH enters the reporting range
Event 1b: A Primary CPICH leaves the reporting
range
Event 1c: A non-active primary CPICH becomes
better than an active primary CPICH
Event 1d: Change of best cell
Event 1e: A Primary CPICH becomes better than an
absolute threshold
Event 1f: A Primary CPICH becomes worse than an
absolute threshold
2. Inter-frequency measurements
Parameter: CPICH EcNo, CPICH RSCP
Event 2a: Change of best frequency
Event 2b: The estimated quality of the currently used
frequency is below a certain threshold and the
estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a
certain threshold.
Event 2c: The estimated quality of a non-used
frequency is above a certain threshold
Event 2d: The estimated quality of the currently used
frequency is below a certain threshold
Event 2e: The estimated quality of a non-used
frequency is below a certain threshold
Event 2f: The estimated quality of the currently used
frequency is above a certain threshold
4G Measurement: RSRP & RSRQ

RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power)

• Average of power levels (in [W]) received across all Reference Signal symbols within the considered
measurement frequency bandwidth.
• UE only takes measurements from the cell-specific Reference Signal elements of the serving cell
• If receiver diversity is in use by the UE, the reported value shall be equivalent to the linear average of the
power values of all diversity branches
• Reporting range -44…-140 dBm

RSRQ ( Reference Signal Received Quality)

• Defined as the ratio N×RSRP/(E-UTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the number of RBs of the E-UTRA carrier RSSI
measurement bandwidth. The measurements in the numerator and denominator shall be made over the
same set of resource blocks
• Reporting range -3…-19.5dB
4G Measurement Report

Ue will sent measurement report based on following Event

1. Event A1 (Serving becomes better than threshold)
2. Event A2 (Serving becomes worse than threshold)
3. Event A3 (Neighbor becomes offset better than serving)
4. Event A4 (Neighbor becomes better than threshold)
5. Event A5 (Serving becomes worse than threshold1 and neighbor becomes better than threshold2)
6. Event B1 (Inter RAT neighbor becomes better than threshold)
7. Event B2 (Serving becomes worse than threshold1 and inter RAT neighbor becomes better than threshold2)

Ue also can sent periodic measurement report for ANR and MDT feature
ANR : Automatic Neighbor Relation feature
MDT : Minimize Drive Test feature
4G Cell-specific Reference Signal (CRS)

Reference Signals are used as the reference

for LTE mobility – Reference Received Signal Power
Tools to Analyse Signal Measurement
Net Monitor on 2G
Tools to monitor Ue Measurement :
1. Android Application: GNetTrack, Net Monitor. Try this
application on your mobile phone with 2G, 3G or 4G
network.
2. Drive Testing: Nemo, TEMS, QXDM, XCAL
3. Signaling Trace: U2000 Signaling trace on Uu interface
4. Geolocation Tool: Huawei MR, Ericssons GPEH, Arieso
5. Internal Radio System Measurement
Signal Strength

Signal Quality

GNetTrack measurement
on 3G network
Measurement by Drive Testing
L3 Signaling

Map

Meas.Report A3
event. Serving
RSRP 42 (-98
dBm) and
neighbor 44 (-96
dBm)

Parameter in
grid view
Measurement by Geolocation Tool

• Geolocation tools show

RSRP plot for entire
Medan city.

• Geoloc. get RSRP from

measurement report
sent by Ue

• Compare to drive test

result geoloc show more
detail area not only
route. Coverage problem
can be detect easier with
geolocation tools.
MOBILE AND NETWORK INTERACTION
Mobile – Network Interaction
Mobile State after Switch On
When the UE is switched on, it attempts to establish
a contact with a public land mobile network (PLMN)
Power on
using a certain radio access technology.
In the selected PLMN a suitable cell is selected and PLMN Selection PLMN
if this new cell is not in a registered area, location and Reselection
registration is performed via BTS/NodeB/eNodeB to
the core network. PLMN PLMN
F1
selected available E
The overall process is divided into three sub- Registration P
processes: response Cell selection S
and
1. PLMN selection and reselection to search for
Reselection
an available mobile network.
2. Cell selection and reselection to search for a
suitable cell belonging to the selected PLMN. Registration

3. Location registration to register the UE’s Location

presence in a registration area registration
 Mobility State Diagram

Cell A Cell B
 An advantage of cellular network than fix phone is mobility. Ue
handover
can move from one serving cell to its neighbour cell based on Connected Connected
highest signal strength or quality or due to capacity reason.
 Based on Ue state (idle or connected mode), mobility can
Redirection Call
divided into 3 category : Call
Release
 Cell Reselection : Ue idle move from serving cell to target cell also in idle Setup
mode
 Handover : Ue connected mode move from serving cell to target cell in
idle idle
connected mode
 Redirection : Ue in connected mode move from serving cell to target cell in Cell Reselection
idle mode
Ue State: GSM

Idle Mode
MS switched ON
When? Call Setup
• When the MS is switched ON MS in Connected
• When there is no dedicated connection MS in Idle mode
Search RF channels
to find BCCH carrier
mode
Why? Call Release
• To camp on the best suitable cell

Why to camp on a specific cell? Check that the PLMN

& cell is allowed Idle mode
Dedicated mode
• For MS to receive system info from the NW on DL
• For MS to be able to initiate a call whenever needed • MS listens to BCCH
• MS sends DL
• For the NW to be able to locate the MS when there is • MS monitoring downlink
measurement report on
a MT call/SMS signal strength of
MS camps on SACCH
the best neighbor cells to ensure it
suitable cell is camped on to the best
Idle Mode Tasks available cell

• PLMN selection
• Cell selection & re-selection
• Location updates
 LTE: Ue State
Power On

Release due to
Registration (Attach) Inactivity
• Allocate C-RNTI, GUTI • Release RRC connection
• Allocate IP address • Release C-RNTI
• Authentication • Configure DRX for paging
• Establish security context

EMM_Deregistered EMM_Registered EMM_Registered

ECM_Idle ECM_Connected ECM_Idle

New Traffic
Deregistration (Detach) TAU
Change PLMN
• ECM (EPS Connection •Establish RRC Connection
• Release C-RNTI, GUTI •Allocate C-RNTI
Management) states • Release IP address
describe signaling
between UE and the
EPC.
Timeout of Periodic TA
GUTI : MCC + MNC + GUMMEI + S-TMSI Update
GUMMEI : Global Unique MME ID
• Release GUTI
• Release IP address
LTE: Ue State
GSM Idle Mode: Cell Selection and C1 criteria
C1 = A – max(B,0)
Search all the RF channels, take samples during = RLA_C – RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN – max(MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH – P , 0)
3-5 s and calculate averages. And put them in
ascending order with respect to signal level.
Then tune to the strongest RF channel.
RLA_C = avg received RxLev on BCCH
P = MS max output power

Search for the frequency correction burst in that Tune to the next highest
carrier in order to verify if it is a BCCH carrier RF channel which is not
tried before

Is it a BCCH No
carrier?

Yes
Try to synchronize to the carrier and read
the BCCH data
I am
outside

Is it a correct No
PLMN ?

Yes

Yes
Is the cell barred?

No
No I am inside,
Is C1>0 but have not
enough power
Yes
Camp on the cell
GSM Idle Mode: Cell Reselection and C2 criteria

C1 + CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET – (TEMPORARY OFFSET * H(PENALTY_TIME - T))

C2 = for PENALTY_TIME  640 s
< C1 if temporary offset big for PENALTY_TIME = 640 s

C2
no TEMPORARY OFFSET Pathloss Criterion C2
C1 • neighbour‘s C2 value >
serving cell:
current cell‘s C2 value (same LA)
• C2:
• neighbour‘s C2 value >
new candidate current cell‘s C2 value + HYS
CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET
List of 6 = former serving
cell
(new LA)
strongest for a period of 5 s.
T
carriers:
• C2: C2
• C2:
• C2: C1
• C2:
• C2:
• C2: CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET
new candidate
= formerly non-
serving cell TEMPORARY OFFSET
T
PENALTY_TIME
GSM Idle Mode: Cell Reselection and C2 criteria

C2
cell 1 cell reselection &
cell 3
location update

cell
reselection cell 2

In case the neighbouring

cells belong to different
Location Area, a
hysteresis is applied with
CELL_RESELECT_ C1 criteria
HYSTERESIS (HYS) • minimizing ping-pong
cell reselections
• cellReselectHysteresis
(HYS)(BTS) (0…14 dB)
5 seconds 5 seconds time

LAC = A LAC = B
 GSM Idle Mode: C2 criterion sample
=30 Cell "A" (Serving Cell)
=25 Cell "B"
Road
Macro 900 "C" C1 =5 Cell "C"
=50 Cell "D"

C2 = C1 + cellReselectOffset -
Micro 900 "D" temporaryOffset*H(penaltyTime-T)
Macro 1800 "B"
=30 + 0 (H(x)=0, serving cell) Cell "A"
=25 + 20 - 30*H(20 - T) Cell "B"
C2 =5 + 0 - 0*H(20 - T) Cell "C"
=50 + 0 - 30*H(40 - T) Cell "D"

Cell "A" Cell "B" Cell "C" Cell "D" Temporary offset
decrease C2 for
cellReselectOffset 0 dB 20 dB 0 dB 0 dB selected penalty time,
temporaryOffset 0 dB 30 dB 0 dB 30 dB usually used for indoor
Macro 900 "A" Parameters or micro site
penaltyTime 20 s 20 s 20 s 40 s

Time T: (0 - 19 s) Time T: (20 - 39 s) Time T: (> 40 s)

C2 =30 Cell "A" C2 =30 Cell "A" C2 =30 Cell "A"
C2 =15 Cell "B" C2 =45 Cell "B" C2 =45 Cell "B"
C2 =5 Cell "C" C2 =5 Cell "C" C2 =5 Cell "C"
C2 =20 Cell "D" C2 =20 Cell "D" C2 =50 Cell "D"
 LTE Idle Mode: Cell Selection – S Criterion

S Criterion :
• Ue rank cells by S criterion
E-UTRAN cells: Srxlev > 0 • Ue will camp to cells with highest S criterion if there
UTRAN cells: Srxlev > 0 AND Squal > 0 are no higher priority RF carrier
• In case there are higher priority layer Ue will
GSM cells: Srxlev > 0 reselect to higher priority if Snonservingcell >
ThreshX
Where :
Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas – (Qrxlevmin – Qrxlevminoffset*) - Pcompensation **
Squal = Qqualmeas – Qqualmin

Srxlev Cell Selection Rx Level value (dB)

Squal Cell Selection quality value (dB)
Qrxlevmeas Measured cell Rx Level value (RSRP)
Qqualmeas Measured cell quality value (RSRQ)
Qrxlevmin Minimum required Rx Level in the cell (dBm)
Qqualmin Minimum required quality Level in the cell (dB)

* Qrxlevminoffset: only when camping in VPLMN

** Pcompensation = max(UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH - P_MAX, 0)
LTE Idle Mode: Absolute Priority
• As many technology on air interface, 3GPP Rel8 introduces absolute
priorities for RF carriers. This absolute priority used for cell selection
LTE 1800 /reselection
• Each carrier can be assigned a priority
• Range from 0 (lowest prio) to 7 (highest prio)
LTE 900 • Carrier priorities are broadcast from serving cell BCCH
 eUTRAN : SIB3, SIB5, SIB6, SIB7, SIB8 LTE SIB3
 UTRAN: SIB19
3G F2  GERAN: SI2quater
• Priorities can also be signaled directly within RRC connection
release message; RRC Timers control validity of prio information
(EUTRAN: T320; UTRAN: T322; GERAN: T3230)
3G F1
Carrier Absolute Priority
LTE1800 6
DCS 1800 LTE900 5
3G F3 4
3G F2 4
3G F1 4
GSM 900 Absolute Priority setting DCS1800 1
on Telkomsel network GSM900 1
 LTE Idle Mode: Cell Ranking Criterion
• Intra/Inter Frequency Cells of same Priority
1. Rank cells by criterion S
2. Ranked by Rs < Rn for TreselectionRAT
Uu 3. UE has been camped on serving cell for > 1 sec
eNodeB
4. Speed taken into account

Uu
Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhysts
Rn = Qmeas,n – Qoffset
eNodeB Cell Serving
Qoffset = Qoffsets,n + Qoffsetfrequency

SIB Type 3 Delivers – TreselectionEUTRA, Qhysts (Common cell reselection information)

SIB Type 4 Delivers - Qoffsets,n (intra-frequency LTE neighbour cells)
SIB Type 5 Delivers – Qoffsetfrequency, TreselectionEUTRA (inter-frequency LTE neighbour cells)

LTE SIB3
 LTE Idle Mode: Cell Ranking Criterion
• LTE Inter-frequency and Inter-RAT Cell Reselection Criteria
Uu or other RAT Equal Priority RAT or Frequency
Uu interface Based on ranking for Intra-frequency Cell Reselection

eNodeB Cell Serving UE eNodeB or otherRAT Node

Higher Priority RAT or Frequency Lower Priority RAT or Frequency

1. SnonServingCell,x > Threshxhigh for 1. No cell of a higher priority RAT or frequency
TreselectionRAT fulfills the criteria above
2. UE has been camped on serving cell for > 1 sec 2. No cell of an equal priority fulfills the above
criteria and;
3. SServingCell < Threshservinglow and LTE SIB6
SnonServingCell,x > Threshxlow for
SIB Type 3 Delivers – TreselectionEUTRA, Threshserving, low TreselectionRAT
SIB Type 5 Delivers – TreselectionEUTRA, Threshx, high, Threshx, low (for Inter-Frequency Cells) 4. UE has been camped on serving cell for > 1 sec
SIB Type 7/6/8 Delivers - Same as SIB Type 5 except related to UTRAN/GERAN/CDMA2000
respectively

LTE SIB3
 LTE Idle Mode: Start Measurement

Ue will start measurement when condition below :

Intra - Frequency: Srxlev <= Sintrasearch

Inter - Frequency: Srxlev <= Snonintrasearch OR

Prio (inter – f) > Prio (serving)

Inter - RAT: Srxlev <= Snonintrasearch OR

Prio (inter - RAT) > Prio (serving)

For inter-frequency and inter-system measurements, depending on the UE capability, the network allocates
measurement gaps during which no data are sent for the UE, so that the UE could perform the necessary
measurements using a single receiver. During the measurement gaps, the particular UE cannot be scheduled
for data transmission, but the vacant resources could still be used for other UEs, because of the shared
channel mechanism.
LTE Idle Mode: Cell Ranking Criterion
• Intra-frequency/ Equal Priority Case: Cell Ranking Criterion: R
Qmeas Rn > Rs  Cell Reselection
Ranking of cells: Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhysts
Rn = Qmeas,n - Qoffsets,n
Rn

Rs = Qmeas,s + QhystS Qmeas,s

Qhysts
Rn = Qmeas,n – Qoffsets,n

Qmeas,n Rs
Rn > Rs =>“cell reselection“ Qoffsets,n

Treselection
s -> for serving cell Time

n -> for neighbor cell

Qmeas* RSRP measurement quantity used in cell reselections.

Qoffset For intra-frequency:

Re-selected cell: Suitable (S Criterion) Equals to Qoffsets,n, if Qoffsets,n is valid, otherwise
Best Rank(Highest R) this equals to zero.
For inter-frequency:
Equals to Qoffsets,n plus Qoffsetfrequency, if
Qoffsets,n is valid, otherwise this equals to
*3GPP TS 36.304 Qoffsetfrequency.
GSM Idle Mode: Location Update
• MS location & status flag => MSC / VLR MS BSS MSC VLR HLR
• Mobile Station switched ON mode
– IMSI Attach / Detach LOCATION UPDATE REQUEST

– Same Location Area => No Location Update REQUEST SUBSCRIBER ID

– Different Location Area => Location Update
• Change of the Location Area SEND SUBSCRIBER ID

REQUEST SUBSCRIBER INFO

– Location Area under the same MSC / VLR
– Location Area under another MSC / VLR => HLR will be updated SEND SUBSCRIBER INFO

• Service is rejected (MS unknown in VLR) AUTHENTICATION

• Time-Periodic LU (MS -> MSC/VLR)

AUTHENTICATION RESPONSE

ALL OK - HLR UPDATE

MO Abbreviated Range And Description Default BSC -

Class Name Step value MML
Name
BTS allowIMSIAtt Yes/No Defines whether IMSI attach/detach is used in the cell. Yes ATT
achDetach
BTS timerPeriodic 0...25.5 h, Defines the interval between periodic MS location 0.5 h PER
UpdateMs step 0.1 h updates.
The value 0 means that the periodic location update is
not used.
GSM Connected Mode: Handover
MS NETWORK

ACTIVE CALL
Old Channel, Old Cell

HANDO CMD

HANDO ACC New Channel, New Cell

Timer T3124
in MS (320 …….
ms)
HANDO ACC

PHYS INFO maxNumberOfRepetition

(NY1) 5..35
PHYS INFO

• Based on Measurement report, BSC will send HANDO COM

Handover Command to MS when one of
handover cause in 2G triggered. ACTIVE CALL
• After get Handover Command, MS will reply
with Handover Accept. • Source and target cells controlled by different BCF
• Timing advanced information required for MS
• BSC request Phys Info (Timing Advance) from • Inter cell handover from one BTS to another
MS. MS send SABM to establish connection
to target cell.
• Handover in GSM is hard handover.
 GSM Connected Mode: MS Measurement Report

SACCH PERIOD = 480 ms

• MS sent Measurement results of best

26 FRAME MULTIFRAME = 120 ms
adjacent cells to BSC every SACCH
period 480 msec
• Proper adjacent relation should be plan
TDMA FRAMES
TDMA FRAMES
4.615 ms to avoid radio link failure due to MS
TCH SACCH IDLE
can’t do handover.

RX TX MEAS RX TX MEAS RX TX MEAS

• BSIC decoding for at least one adjacent cell
• Pre-synchronization on SCH

• Measures frequencies of adjacent cells

• Measures RX level and quality for serving cell

• Detects whether DTX is used
GSM Connected Mode: Handover Causes

More than one handover criterion fulfilled -> process of higher priority performed
Handover and power control criteria fulfilled -> handover performed

1) Interference (uplink or downlink)

2) Intra-segment inter-band because of downlink level (from higher to lower frequency band)
3) Uplink quality
4) Downlink quality
5) AMR unpacking (uplink level and also uplink unpacking quality triggers)
6) Uplink level
7) AMR unpacking (downlink level and also downlink unpacking quality triggers)
8) Downlink level
9) Coverage based inter-system handover to WCDMA RAN
10) IMSI-based inter-system handover to WCDMA RAN
11) IMSI-based handover
12) DTM-based handover to WCDMA RAN
Exercise:
13) Inter-system handover to WCDMA RAN
14) MS-BS distance (maximum or minimum)
Why UL has many times higher
15) Turn-around-corner MS priority than DL?
16) Rapid field drop
17) Slow/fast-moving MS
18) Umbrella
19) Power budget
20) DTM-based handover to a GSM DTM cell
21) BSC-initiated TRHO
22) IUO
23) Intra-segment HO based on load
24) AMR packing because of good uplink and downlink quality
25) AMR unpacking because of bad uplink or downlink quality
26) PC because of lower quality thresholds (uplink and downlink)
27) PC because of lower level thresholds (uplink and downlink)
28) PC because of upper quality thresholds (uplink and downlink)
29) PC because of upper level thresholds (uplink and downlink)
LTE Connected Mode: Handover Process Overview
Measurements activation/de-activation
Event based neighbor reports
Measurement Reports from UE
HO target & mode selection in eNodeB
HO execution
UE continuously monitors the
serving cell. Events A2/A1* are used
to activate/de-activate neighbors
measurements when radio conditions
are getting worse
The reports of neighbors are triggered
by A3 & A5 events for intra-RAT
neighbors and B2 event for the
inter-RAT neighbors
The “Measurement Report” message
contains a prioritized list of neighbors (best
neighbor first)
eNodeB decides the urgency of HO and
identifies a prioritized list of HO target
cells. The eNodeB selects the target
cell for HO as well as the handover mode.
The HO/NACC mode could be:
-Intra eNB HO
-Intra LTE inter eNB via X2
-Intra LTE inter eNB via S1
-HO to WCDMA * LTE standard supports events A1-A5 & B1, B2
-NACC to GSM NACC= network assisted cell change
LTE Connected Mode: Handover Measurements
Measurement Report can be triggered by:

Reference Signal Received Power

Reference Signal Received Quality
• Reporting Strongest neighbor cells for SON
UTRA FDD CPICH RSCP • Reporting Cell Global Identity (CGI)
UTRA FDD carrier RSSI • Event triggered (If Event triggering used)
UTRA FDD CPICH Ec/No • Neighbors reported
GSM carrier RSSI
DL RS TX Power
UTRA TDD carrier RSSI
Received Interference Power
UTRA TDD P-CCPCH RSCP Measurement Report contain
Thermal Noise Power
CDMA2000 1xRTT Pilot Strength
CDMA 2000 HRPD Pilot Strength • Measurement Identity (Reason)
• Serving cell measurement
• Neighbor cell measurements
EUTRAN
Measurement Control message
(measurement ID, object criteria, etc)

Measurement Report message

(measurement ID, results)
 LTE Connected Mode: LTE events
RSRP RSRP
A3 trigger
INTRA RAT HO Events
A1 -> Serving cell becomes better than threshold A2 trigger

A2 -> Serving cells becomes worse than threshold A3 offset

A3 -> Neighbour becomes offset better than A2 threshold
serving RSRP serving RSRP serving
A4 -> Neighbour becomes better than threshold move move
A5 -> Serving becomes worse than threshold 1 & direction direction
neighbour becomes better than threshold 2 Signal
Level
RSRP
A5 trigger B2 trigger
INTER RAT HO Events
Event B1 -> Inter RAT neighbour becomes better A5 thold 2 B2 thold 2 Inter-RAT
Neighbor cell
than threshold signal

Event B2 -> serving becomes worse than A5 thold 1 B2 thold 1

threshold 1 and neighbour becomes better than RSRP serving RSRP serving
threshold 2
move direction move direction
 LTE Connected Mode: LTE Handover

Handovers in LTE are:

• Hard handovers: resources are prepared in the target cell before the UE
is commanded to move to the target cell
• Lossless: Packets are forwarded from the source to the target cell.
• Network controlled: The target cell is selected by the network not by the
UE. The handover control is in the e-UTRAN not in the Core Network.
• UE-assisted: Measurements are made and reported by the UE to the
network although it is the network (eNodeB) which triggers those
measurements.
• Late path switch: Only when the inter eNodeB handover is successful,
the packet core is involved (X2 required).
LTE: Signaling Flow Handover Preparation

Handover step in LTE :

- Handover Preparation
- Handover Execution
- Handover Completion

Handover Preparation start from Handover

Request from source eNb to Target eNb, and
finish after receiving Handover Request
Acknowledge message from Target eNb
LTE: Signalling Flow Handover Execution

During Handover Execution, Ue try L2

Syncronization (PRACH procedure). If
synchronization success Ue sent RRC
Connection Reconfiguration Complete
LTE: Signalling Flow Handover Completion

Handover completion is related to path switch from

source eNb to target eNb
 LTE Connected Mode: Redirection

Redirection – a procedure of RRC connection release with redirecting of a UE to

other frequency/RAT layer

• Redirection is a mechanism to force a UE to:

Target WCDMA layer does not
interfere with LTE serving layer – switch from RRC-CONNECTED to RRC-IDLE mode and
– reselect to inter-frequency/inter-RAT neighbor cell for PS session continuation and/or CS
call setup (CS Fallback*)

• Redirection is triggered by the radio conditions

– RSRP or RSRQ
– in case of CS Fallback*, redirection is triggered by mobile originating or terminating CS call

• Target RAT/frequency layer is indicated to a UE by an eNB

within RRC:rrcConnectionRelease message
• At first glance, redirection could be regarded as the last-ditch
from loosing of signaling connection between an eNB and a
UE in case of either poor coverage or extensive interference
• * RRC connection release with redirection mechanism is one of the means of realization of the CS
Fallback functionality

Redirection target
SIGNALING INTRODUCTION
 Signalling Introduction: MS / Ue Protocol Stack

Mobile 2G Mobile 3G Mobile 4G

GSM WCDMA, HSDPA LTE, LTE Advance
Control Plane User Plane

Layer
3 RRC
Layer3 Radio Bearer
PDCP

Layer RLC
Layer2 2
Logical Channel

Layer1 MAC
Transport Channels
Layer3 divided into three sublayers : Layer Physical Layer
1
- Radio Resource Management (RR) Physical Channels
- Mobility Management (MM) Drivetest Tools like Nemo, TEMS can record Layer 3 message from air interface.
- Connection Management (CM) QXDM can record layer 1 and Layer 2 message
Signalling Introduction

Medium Access Layer (MAC) :

MAC layer is responsible for
- Mapping between logical channels and transport channels,
- Multiplexing of MAC SDUs from one or different logical channels
onto transport blocks (TB) to be delivered to the physical layer
on transport channels,
- Demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from one or different logical
channels from transport blocks (TB) delivered from the physical
layer on transport channels,
Physical Layer (Layer 1) : - Scheduling information reporting,
Physical Layer carries all information from the MAC transport - Error correction through HARQ,
channels over the air interface. - Priority handling between UEs by means of dynamic scheduling,
- Priority handling between logical channels of one UE, Logical
Responsible for : Channel prioritization.
- link adaptation (AMC),
- power control,
- cell search (for initial synchronization and handover purposes)
- and other measurements (inside the LTE system and between
systems) for the RRC layer.
 Signalling Introduction
Radio Resource Control (RRC) :
Non Access Stratum (NAS) Protocol :
a functional layer in the UMTS and LTE wireless telecom
protocol stacks between the core network and user
equipment
NAS pass transparently by Radio Network. e.g. Attach, TA
update
Packet Data Convergence Control (PDCP) :
Access Stratum (AS) Protocol :
functional layer in the UMTS and LTE wireless telecom
protocol stacks between radio network and user
equipment
The main services and functions of the RRC sublayer include
- broadcast of System Information related to the non-access stratum (NAS),
- broadcast of System Information related to the access stratum (AS),
- Paging,
- establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE and E-UTRAN,
- Security functions including key management, establishment, configuration, maintenance and
release of point to point Radio Bearers.
PDCP Layer is responsible for
- Header compression and decompression of IP data,
- Transfer of data (user plane or control plane),
- Maintenance of PDCP Sequence Numbers (SNs),
- In-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at re-establishment of lower layers,
- Duplicate elimination of lower layer SDUs at re-establishment of lower layers for radio bearers
mapped on RLC AM,
- Ciphering and deciphering of user plane data and control plane data,
- Integrity protection and integrity verification of control plane data,
- Timer based discard, duplicate discarding,
- PDCP is used for SRBs and DRBs mapped on DCCH and DTCH type of logical channels.
 Signalling Introduction

Radio Link Control (RLC)

RLC operates in 3 modes of operation: Transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledged Mode (UM), and
Acknowledged Mode (AM)

RLC Layer is responsible for

- transfer of upper layer PDUs,
- error correction through ARQ (Only for AM data transfer),
- Concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs (Only for UM and AM data transfer).
- RLC is also responsible for re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs (Only for AM data transfer),
- reordering of RLC data PDUs (Only for UM and AM data transfer),
- duplicate detection (Only for UM and AM data transfer),
- RLC SDU discard (Only for UM and AM data transfer),
- RLC re-establishment,
- and protocol error detection (Only for AM data transfer).
 Signalling Sample: Layer 3 Signaling from Drive Test

RRC and Layer 3

Signaling on drive
test

Redirection Message send

to Ue (downlink)

• From drive test tools we can monitor RRC and Layer 3 signaling on drive test route. This signaling messages can
tell us more detail about Ue Mobility, drop call reason or accessibility problem.
• RRC and Layer 3 Signaling show control plane data only (no user plane data).
• Layer 3 come from OSI layer. Following slide show protocol stack on GSM, WCDMA and LTE network.
LTE Redirection – Read Measurement Report
RSRP 26  -140 + 26 = -114 dBm
Trigger meas report with measId = 3

What event is measId 3 means?

see previous measurement control
message on
RRCConnectionReconfiguration

MeasId 3 means :measObjectId = 1 (LTE 10MHz)

reportConfigId = 3 (A2 event with threshold 27 (-113
dBm) + hysteresis 2 (1 dB) = -114dBm
 DT Layer 3 Signalling Sample: LTE Redirection
LTE serve until
this point

RSRP lower
than A2
threshold
redirection

• RRC connection release with redirection info to UtranFDD 10613 sent to Ue (downlink), then Ue move to UMTS idle mode.
• Before RRC Connection Release, there are Measurement Report sent by Ue (uplink), that probably cause of redirection.
NETWORK PLANNING
Radio Planning Process
Dimensioning Scope and Purpose

• To define a network
configuration that meets
the expected traffic and
service quality based
on the operator’s
business case

• Calculate the number of

sites required to serve
certain area while
fulfilling the coverage
and capacity
requirements.
Dimensioning: Link Budget Calculation

• Before dimensioning the radio network, the link budget for different environments (indoor,
outdoor, in car) must be considered.
• From the link budget, the maximum allowed path loss (MAPL) Lmax can be derived
• Calculate the cell ranges for the different clutter types based on the maximum allowable path
loss and on the propagation environment
Requirements

User data rate, system overhead, cell load,

coverage reliability, BLER, number of
retransmissions, etc.

Path Loss max _UL

Transmitter/receiver end modeling
Path Loss max _ DL
Antenna gain, feeder/cable losses, noise figures, etc.

Propagation environment
Cell Range
Clutter type, propagation model, channel model, etc.
 Dimensioning: 2G - DL Link Budget

• Transmitter side • Receiver side

EIRP  PTx _ antenna  Gantenna  L feeder  LTMA

ins  Lbody

• MAPL = 56 dBm – (-69 dBm) = 125 dB

 Dimensioning: 2G – UL Link Budget

• Transmitter side • Receiver side

• MAPL = 30 dBm – (-94 dBm) = 124 dB

• Due to the low MS power often the UL is the bottleneck. Maximum Allowable Path Loss UL is lower then DL.
Dimensioning: LTE- DL Link Budget

63.5 dB

3 dB

43 0.5 dB 18 dBi

MAPL 160 dB
dBm
0 dB

Losses eNode B 2Tx

- 98.6 dBm
Output (Cable, Antenna MIMO
power per jumpers, Gain Gain
antenna …)
connector

2.1 dB 0 dB 0 dB

-96.5 UE
Path loss dB IM UE Receiver
body
EIRP ant. loss Sensitivity
gain

EIRP  PTx _ antenna  Gantenna  L feeder  LTMA

ins  Lbody  GMIMO
MAPL: LTE vs Other Technologies
DL coverage (MAPL)

LTE2600 WCDMA2100 GSM1800

UL coverage (MAPL)

GSM1800 WCDMA2100 LTE2600

Dimensioning Calculation Process

User Interface

Input parameters Outputs

• Operating band
• Areas
• Transmitter/receiver • Antenna Diversity
• No. of Subscribers
parameters • Channel BW
•Spectral Efficiency • Phases
• BLER • Scheduler
• Subscribers densities
• Propagation data • Cell Load (SL)
• Channel model
Network
dimensioning
(site count)
•System Overhead Capacity Traffic
Link Budget •Required SINR (LL) dimensioning dimensioning
•Interference (SL)

Calculation
• For each application:
• Maximum Path loss • UL/DL sector (cell) Baseband
• Call duration Inputs/Outputs
• Cell ranges (outdoor and indoor) throughputs.
• Data rates dimensioning
• Cell area, ONLY valid for
• Protocol
• Site-to-site distance outdoor scenarios!
Overheads…
Dimensioning: Sample of Coverage Calculation

Propagation Model : Cost Hatta

MAPL

Result Site to site distance needed

Nominal Planning: Coverage Plan

Propagation Characteristics
Radio wave propagation described by
solution of the Maxwell equation
In real environment appear unavoidable
effects, which make usage of Maxwell
equations not practical
• Dilution (free space propagation)
• Absorption
• (Specular) Reflection
• Refraction
• Scattering (diffuse reflection)
• Diffraction
Coverage Planning: Propagation Model

Propagation models provide a forecast for

• average signals
• Predict the path loss L(d)
• variations around the average
Models must give a forecast as close as possible to real scenarios, so that they can be used as
reliable tools to plan cellular networks
 Propagation Model – Okumura Hatta

• Propagation models that usually used in GSM, WCDMA and LTE coverage planning is Okumura
Hatta. Below is the original equation :

L = A + B  log10 (f) - 13,82  log10 (h BS ) - d(h MS )  [44,9 - 6,55  log10 (h BS )]  log(d) + CorrectionFactor

where: 69.99 for 150 MHz  f  1500 MHz  L = Path loss in dB

A= 
46.30 for 1500 MHz  f  2000 MHz  f = frequency in MHz
d = distance in km (valid for 1 – 20 km)
26.16 for 150 MHz  f 1500 MHz  hBS = height base station in m
B= 
33.90 for 1500 MHz  f < 2000 MHz  hMS = height mobile station in m(valid for 1-10m)
 Propagation Model – Okumura Hatta

• Extension to original Okumura Hatta for any operator’s environment and frequency:

L = k1 + k 2 log(d)  k 3 log(h BS )  k 4 log(h BS ) log (d)  k 5 h MS  k 6 log(h MS )

k1 to k6 can be estimated by model tuning for any planning project

 Planning Tools in Market

• Coverage Planning Tools that

usually used by operator :
• ATOLL
• Mentum Planet
• NetAct Planner
Nominal Planning – Capacity Analysis

Lost call and waiting call telephone system

• Even during periods of high traffic, the subscriber must have a good chance of access to
make call.
• The subscriber not succeeding in making a call either be lost (pure lost-call ) or the call
will be delayed (waiting-call).
• To avoid lost/delay call, capacity should be planned and monitored.
CS Traffic Characteristics
Traffic Offered
• Mean number of calls attempt offered to the system.
• Traffic offered estimated with Erlang B table. Usually CS Traffic dimensioned with blocking probability 2%
• Based on this Erlang B table, capacity TCH and TRX calculated.

Traffic Carried
• Mean number of simultaneous occupation of channel.
• CS Traffic carried measured in Erlang.
𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑥(𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)
𝑥 𝐸𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔 =
3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
• By definition : 1 channel occupied for a duration t of a considered period T, carries t / T erlang.
Nominal Planning: 2G Capacity Analysis

• Air Interface dimensioning

- Logical and physical channels
- PCH, AGCH and RACH
- SDCCH and TCH
• Abis Dimensioning
• PCU Dimensioning
 Capacity Planning: 2G BSS Traffic Model

• Below some traffic model that usually used in capacity planning.

Nominal Planning – Sample of Capacity Planning

Traffic growth can be add as consideration when the traffic profile is

always increasing. Based on measurement & performance we can
predict the traffic growth
LTE Network Planning Principles
No frequency planning (frequency reuse 1)
No scrambling code planning
No neighbor planning
No BSC/RNC
OFDMA for DL & SC-FDMA for UL
LTE capacity depends on SINR
Low other to own cell interference can be achieved by planning clear dominance areas

MCS has an influence on the cell coverage

and capacity Improvement due to interference reduction
Detailed Planning: Parameter Planning

Below usually parameter planning list that should be prepare before site
deployment :

GSM WCDMA LTE

Frequency Planning Scrambling Code PCI Planning,
(BCCH & TCH frequency, BSIC HSN) (SC) Planning Root Sequence Index Planning
LAC Planning LAC & RAC Planning TAC Planning
Neighbor Planning Neighbor Planning ANR
Default Parameter, Layering Parameter
Detailed Planning: LTE Physical Cell ID Planning

Physical Layer Cell ID (PCI)

• The sequence to generate the Reference Signal depends

upon the PCI
• Short repetition cycle of 1 ms
• Limited to 504 values so not unique
• Analogous to scrambling code planning in UMTS
• Careful assignment needed because a UE shall never
receive the same value from 2 different cells
Id = 0 Id = 6
Id = 2 Id = 8

Id = 1 Id = 7
Id = 3 Id = 9
Example of Physical
Layer Cell Identity Plan Id = 5 Id = 11

Id = 4 Id = 10
Detailed Planning: Neighbour Planning

 LTE mobility does not rely upon neighbour lists

 UE are responsible for identifying neighbouring cells
 This effectively removes the requirement for neighbour list planning

 However, the UE can be provided with:

• neighbour cell specific measurement offsets, e.g. to make a specific neighbour appear more attractive
• RF carriers upon which to search for neighbours

 Mobility information can be provided for:

• E-UTRAN Intra-frequency
• E-UTRAN Inter-frequency
• UTRAN inter-RAT
• GERAN inter-RAT
• CDMA200 inter-RAT
Detailed Planning: Automatic Neighbour Relation

 Neighbour relations are important as wrong neighbour definitions cause HO failures and dropped calls
 Self configuration of relations avoids manual planning & maintenance

ANR covers 4 steps:

1) Neighbour cell discovery
2) Neighbour Site’s X2 transport configuration discovery (i.e. Neighbour Site IP@)
3) X2 Connection Set-up with neighbour cell configuration update
4) ANR Optimization

• The scope within ANR is to establish an X2 connection between source and target nodes and for that it is
necessary that source eNB knows the target eNB IP@
• How the source eNB gets the IP@ differentiates the ANR features:
 Central ANR (RL10)
 ANR (RL20)
 ANR- Fully UE based (RL30)
Detailed Planning: LTE ANR Configuration Principle
Neighbor Site
Site MME
UE eNB - A
eNB - B
connected

New cell
discovered

New cell
identified
by ECGI S1 : Request X2 Transport Configuration (ECGI)
relays
request
S1: Request X2 Transport Configuration

CM
S1: Respond X2 Transport Configuration (IP@)
relays
response
S1 : Respond X2 Transport Configuration (IP@)

CM
Add Site & Cell X2 Setup : IPsec, SCTP, X2-AP [site & cell info] Add Site & Cell
parameter of Parameter of
eNB-A eNB-B
CM CM
Neighbor Cell Tables in both eNB updated
NETWORK OPTIMIZATION
Optimization Objective

• To get the most optimum relation

between Capacity, Quality and Cost
• Best network quality measured as:
- perceived quality by the
subscriber
- perceived quality by the operator
within the given scope
 Optimization Reasons

9 Interfering competitors claiming market shares with excellent quality

Opti: Clear basis for optimization strategy

Unclear future development of end customer behavior

Network structure is still Opti: Perform the most efficient optimization tasks at the right time
growing and in flow
Opti: Keeping the network quality on a
Unclear picture about specific performance issues
defined level during the expansion
Opti: Detailed KPIs information about the network status
Fast expanding network
environment Subscriber increase due to campaign/new application
Opti: Optimized network quality & Opti: Improved subscriber satisfaction lead to decreased churn
reliability rate/increased ARPU

New challenging application Initial network phase passed and customer base in increasing
influence the existing system Opti: Getting a network structure always in-line with the respective demands
Opti: Benchmark with the market
Potential for performance improvement (Coverage capacity, QoS)
Opti: Reduced OPEX, CAPEX & increased revenue
Detect the optimization needs
Optimization Cycle
Optimization Area
Optimization Actions
Typical Organization Plan

Project Director

Strategic Project Admin

Plan & Optim Expert

Special Tool
Signaling Expert
Experts

Transport Expert CS/PS Core Expert

PM City-1 PM Other Cities

2G & 3G 2G & 3G
TL Zone 1..N Optim Engineer
TL Zone 1..N Optim Engineer

Radio Planner DT Engineer & Rigger Radio Planner DT Engineer & Rigger
THANK YOU