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Types and Usage

• An adverb is a word that describes or


gives more information about a verb, an
adjective, another adverb, or even the
entire sentence.
• The word "adverb" comes for the Latin ad-
(in addition) and verbum (word).
• Where? Home. ("I went home.")
• When? Yesterday. ("We met yesterday.")
• How? Slowly. ("The turtle moves slowly.")
• How often? Sometimes. ("Sometimes it stops
responding.")
• How long? Temporarily. ("She is staying with us
temporarily.")
• How likely? Surely. ("Our team will surely win!")
• To what degree? Very. ("She was very pleased.")
• An adverb can describe a verb:
She runs quickly.
• An adverb can describe an adjective:
She is so beautiful.
• An adverb can describe another adverb:
She smokes very rarely.
• An adverb can describe an entire sentence:
Obviously, you don't have to come.
• In many cases (but not always!) adverbs have the
following form:
• Adjective + "-ly"

Examples:
Quick + ly = quickly
Strange + ly = strangely
Dead + ly = deadly
Sudden + ly = suddenly
Clever + ly = cleverly
Brave + ly = bravely
Real + ly = really
• When an adjective ends with "y" replace the "y" with
an "i":
Heavy + ly = heavi + ly = heavily
Happy + ly = happi + ly = happily

• When the adjective ends with an "e" drop the "e":


True + ly = tru + ly = truly

However, there are many adverbs that do not end in "-ly":


Fast, very, hard, home, just, too, well, never, sometimes, and
so forth.
• Adverbs of degree
Very, highly, totally, perfectly, partially, almost.
• Adverbs of manner
Well, badly, nicely, slowly, loudly, quietly, happily, sadly,
secretly, weakly.
• Adverbs of place
Home, here, there, outside, inside, away, around,
anywhere, abroad, up, down, out.
• Adverbs of time
Now, soon, later, yesterday, tomorrow, early, before,
lately, recently.
• Adverbs of frequency
Always, never, sometimes, often, rarely, usually,
occasionally.
• Adverbs of duration
Forever, constantly, temporarily, briefly.
• Adverbs of probability
Certainly, maybe, probably, possibly, surely.
"Comparative" means "comparing something to something
else.“
Comparative adverbs show us which action or state is
better, worse, stronger, weaker, and so forth.
Examples:
more, less, better, worse, faster, slower, farther, closer.
Example sentences:
 Maggie works out more seriously than Donna.
 She eats less than her friends.
 You are better than this.
 We couldn't go slower even if we wanted to.
 Let's get closer.
"Superlative" means "of the highest degree.“
Superlative adverbs show us which action or state is the
best, the strongest, and so forth.
Examples:
Best, most, least, worst, strongest, fastest, slowest.
Example sentences:
He knows best.
It was the most boring experience.
He shouted the loudest so he won.
He ran the slowest so he lost.
Hardly means almost none, and hard means heavily

Rama works hardly ✘


Rama works hard ✔
Rama hardly works ✔
Third sentence is correct as hardly indicates here, Rama
is a lazy person.
Fast is an adverb. Fastly has no meaning
He walks fastly. ✘
He walks fast ✔

Late means after the expected time. Lately means


recently.
He came lately ✘
He came late. ✔
Have you seen her lately? ✔
•Conjunctions are words that connect 2 sentences or parts of
sentences, acting as connectors.

•I was going to see a movie, but I’ve changed my mind.


•She couldn’t decide if she wanted the lemon tea or the rosehip
tea.

•Conjunctions connect thoughts, ideas, actions, nouns, clauses, etc.


Subject – Noun being spoken about

Predicate – Content being spoken about the subject

Phrase – group of words that do not form a complete meaningful sentence

Example: a nice red shirt, on the roof, with care, has been snoring, to buy
a car, her eyes on the clock

Clause – group of words having at least one subject and one predicate
An independent clause expresses complete meaning unlike a dependent
clause

Example: I am teaching – Independent clause


While I am teaching – Dependent
The coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions that join
two independent clauses, or two nouns, or two verbs, etc.
•ACRONY
M I will be late to the party, for I am working until seven.

Tom likes to read and write.


•F - FOR
•A - AND Sally does not like the mountains, nor does she like the ocean.
•N - NOR
I wanted to ride my bike, but the tire was flat.
•B - BUT
•O - OR Fred wants peas or carrots for supper.

•Y - YET I love chocolate, yet I do not eat chocolate ice cream.


•S - SO
She was late to work, so her boss made her stay after five.
•Put a comma before the coordinating conjunction when it is used to
connect two independent clauses.
•Tom walked the dog, so he grabbed the mail.
OR
Tom walked the dog, and he grabbed the mail.
•Both parts of the sentence have a subject and verb (before and
after the coordinating conjunction).

•I want to go see a movie but my sister has my car.


•I want to go see a movie, but my sister has my car.

•Lisa loves cats yet she does not want one living in her house.
•Lisa loves cats, yet she does not want one living in her house.
•When using a coordinating conjunction to connect two items, do not
use a comma.

Example:
Tom walked the dog and grabbed the mail.

("Tom walked the dog" is an independent clause, but "grabbed the
mail" is not.)

•She likes apples, and bananas.


•She likes apples and bananas.

•My brother is young, but smart.


•My brother is young but smart.
•When using a coordinating conjunction with a list of items (three
or more in number), the comma before the coordinating
conjunction is optional.

•Example with comma:


She is cooking chicken, potatoes, corn, and carrot.

Example without comma:
She is cooking chicken, potatoes, corn and carrot.
•Subordinating conjunctions show a relationship between an
independent and a dependent clause; like cause-and-effect, and
contrast.
True relative pronouns are “that,” “who” and “which,” and they differ from
subordinating conjunctions
They act as the subject of a dependent clause whereas subordinating
conjunctions do not.
Subordinating conjunctions are followed by the subject of their clause.

Examples:

John is the guy who came over for dinner last week.

Here, we have two clauses. “John is the guy” is the main clause, and “who came
over for dinner last week” gives us more information about John. The word
“who” acts as the subject of the dependent clause.

We talked about music and movies while we ate.

“We talked about music and movies” is the main clause, and “while we ate”
gives us more information. However, in this example, both clauses have the
subject “we.” The word “while” does not act as the subject of the dependent
•Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work
together to join phrases or words that carry equal importance
within a sentence.
•When using correlative conjunctions, ensure verbs agree
•Example: Every night, either loud music or fighting neighbors
wake John from his sleep.
•When you use a correlative conjunction, you must be sure that
pronouns agree.
•Example: Neither Debra nor Sally expressed her annoyance when
the cat broke the antique lamp.
•When using correlative conjunctions, be sure to keep parallel
structure intact. Equal grammatical units need to be incorporated
into the entire sentence.
•Example: Not only did Mary grill burgers for Michael, but she
•either . . . or
• We can go to either Greece or Spain for our holiday.
• It’s my final offer – you can either take it or leave it.

•both . . . and
• Both rugby and football are popular in France.
• Both English and Welsh are spoken in Wales.

•not only . . . but also


• Not only is he a professional footballer, but he’s also a
successful businessman.

•not . . . but
• There are not two but three Baltic states: Lithuania, Latvia and
• neither . . . nor
• Neither Norway nor Switzerland is in the European Union.
• Marriage is neither heaven nor hell, it is simply purgatory.
(Abraham Lincoln)

• whether . . . or
• Whether you love them or hate them, you have to admit that
the Rolling Stones are very popular.
• I’m totally confused – I don’t know whether I’m coming or going.

• no sooner . . . than
• No sooner had I finished watering the garden than it started
raining.
•Here are some more pairs of correlative conjunctions:

•as/as - Bowling isn’t as fun as skeet shooting.

•such/that - Such was the nature of their relationship that they


never would have made it even if they’d wanted to.

•scarcely/when - I had scarcely walked in the door when I got the


call and had to run right back out again.

•as many/as - There are as many curtains as there are windows.

•no sooner/than - I’d no sooner lie to you than strangle a puppy.


EXAMPLES
Conjunctive adverbs are adverbs which join two clauses
Also Conjunctive adverbs frequently (but not necessarily) have a
Besides semi-colon before them.
Accordingly As they’re conjunctions (i.e. words that join two thoughts or
Finally ideas), it’s best not to use them at the beginning of a
Subsequently sentence.
Therefore Please close the outer door; otherwise, the cold air comes in.
Thus First feed the horses; next, please feed the chickens.
Meanwhile
Moreover Conjunctive adverbs can also put a little break in the
Nonetheless
sentence, providing emphasis.
Instead The new building will, furthermore, provide storage facilities
However as well as meeting space.
Indeed The commas are used around the conjunctive adverb for
Hence emphasis. If the interruption in the sentence should be weaker,
Consequently just leave out the commas.
Similarly The new building will furthermore provide storage facilities as
Still well as meeting space.
•Martha went to the market and bought fresh vegetables.

•In this sentence, the conjunction and connects the two things Martha
did.

•Martha went to the market, and I went to the hardware store.

•Here, and connects two sentences, preventing the choppiness which


would arise if we used too many short sentences.

•Conjunctions can also make lists.

•I can’t decide between the blue shirt and the red shirt.
•We barbequed hamburgers, hotdogs, and sausages.
•I worked quickly yet am careful.

•When using a conjunction, make sure that the parts which are
being joined by the conjunction have a parallel structure (i.e. that
they use the same verb forms, etc.)

•Am careful is not in the same form as quickly; this creates faulty
parallelism. The verbs need to be in the same form.

•I worked quickly yet carefully.

•The two adverbs modify the verb worked.

•I am quick yet careful.


“The plane flew above the cloud, behind the cloud, around
the cloud, below the cloud, beneath the cloud, beside the
cloud, beyond the cloud, into the cloud, near the cloud,
outside the cloud, over the cloud, past the cloud, through the
cloud, toward the cloud, under the cloud, and finally dived
underneath the cloud.”
• Tell us the relationship between 2 things
• Add information to a sentence
• Construct Prepositional phrases – Adjectival and adverbial
• Denote space and time
• Non exhaustive
• Complex prepositions can theoretically be added to the
language any time

• Basically 2 types
- One word – at, on, in, by, with
- Complex – in front of, along with, out of
• Before a noun or a noun phrase or –ing form
In the class, At home, On the desk, On heating

• Immediately after a verb


I am in the class, My mom is at home, CA4 answer papers are on
my desk, Butter melts on heating
• Firstly, think about your intended meaning

Am I standing in front of the audience or am I walking along the


aisle?
One common mistake is “Am I standing before the audience?”
ask describe get need take
attend discuss like raise telephone
believe emphasize join receive use
buy enjoy lose say want
consider expect love suggest watch
contact find make
Did you enjoy the film?
I can’t find her name on the list.
Suzanne took my car keys.
We don’t need a preposition after these verbs:
The book emphasizes the role of the arts in society.
Not: The book emphasizes on the role of the arts in society.
appear die lie sneeze

arrive disappear live snow

come fall rain wait

cough happen rise work

Suddenly Joss appeared in the doorway.


I lie in bed
The Sun rises in the East
I work at LPU
I live in Punjab
transitive intransitive
What time do you want to
I just can’t eat hot food.
eat?
He drives a van for a I learnt to drive when I was
delivery firm. twenty.
My father left school when he
We should leave now.
was fourteen.
She won a competition and
How was the match? Did you
got a free trip to
win?
Copenhagen.
Preposition Indicates

At, in, on, from..to, until, by,


Time
before, after, during, while
Since, for Point/ Duration of Time

At, on, in Place

Below, above, under, over,


beneath, in front of, behind, Relative position of things
opposite to

To, Across, along, down, into, off,


Direction of movement
over, under, out of, past, through
Time Place
At Specific Relatively Specific
Meet me at 9 am Meet me at my desk
On Relatively Specific Relatively Specific
Meet me on Monday My cabin is on the first floor
In Nonspecific Specific
Meet me in the morning Meet me in my cabin
Denotes – Time/ Place/ Activity/ Measurement

• Everyday the class commence at 9 am at block 34


• We will meet at noon at my desk
• I may not be here at Christmas
• Big Cinemas is at Viva Collage
• Mail me at example@gmail.com
• He always makes people laugh at his jokes
• He always drives at 70 kmph (at a speed of )
• I learnt Piano at ten ( at the age of)
Denotes – Time and Place (Surface)

• The week starts on Monday


• Next we will meet on 28th of this month
• My house is on Elm street
• The books are on the table
• Most of us have a lecture hour on Monday morning
Denotes – Time and Place

• I skip my breakfast in the morning


• I joined the course in August
• I reside in Punjab
• It starts snowing in the month of December
No at, on, in with –
Every, last, next, this day/ week/ month/ year/ Monday etc

No to, toward, towards with –


home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs
1)I want to lose 5 kilogram (on, at, in) one month.
2)Could you get me this pants (on, at, in) a larger size?
3)She seems to be interested (on, at, in) Psychology.
4)I will come to pick you up (on, at, in) 2 pm tomorrow.
5)This class will be held (on, at, in) Mondays.
Denotes – Time

• Since denotes from a point of time in the past until now and
usually comes after the present perfect tense or present perfect
continuous tense in a sentence

- It has been raining since yesterday


- The schools have been closed since yesterday
- I know him since 1980
- We have been in this room since morning
Denotes – Time

• For denotes duration or time period

- I am going home for 10 days


- I will go home for a week in December
- I know him for 10 years
- This session is for 60 minutes
Use of since with a period of time

She has been with us since a week


She has been with us for a week

I have lived here since three months


I have lived her for three months
Relative
position
1)In
2)On
3)Behind
4)Under
5)In front of
6)Next to
7)Between
8)Among
9)Over
• About – On the subject of something or somebody
You can make sentences like
I would like to talk about, think about, speak about, hear about…
• By – proximity, who or what does something, how something is done
Last night, I sat by my table to prepare the content by downloading
images that were to be presented by me.
• With – Company, Utility, Inclusion
I went with my friend to buy a sweatshirt with a hood.
I lost my key, I opened my lock with a wire.
• She met up with the new coach in the hallway.
• The book fell of the desk.
• He threw the book out off the window.
• She wouldn't let the cat inside of the house. [Can use “in”
instead]
• Where did they go to?
• Put the lamp in back of the couch. [Can use "behind" instead]
• Where is your college at?
• For is used for denoting time duration
I want to do this for the betterment of the mankind.

• But is used similar to except


Everyone ate pizza but me.

• Until, Before, After etc.


Until your hiccups stop
Before I leave the hall
After this session
• We lie in bed but on the couch.
• We are at the hospital to visit a friend who is in the hospital.
• We watch a film at the theater but on television.
• Usage of beside/ besides
• Usage of between/ among

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