Training Slides PGD

1
Electrical power generation system
What is electrical power?
• Rate at which electrical energy is supplied to a circuit or consumed by

load.
• It is measured in unit of watts.
Why electrical power is essential in ship?
Onboard ships, electrical power is used to handle the following ship loads,
• Electrical motors used for auxiliary machineries
• Deck machineries
• Domestic loads (lighting, heating, cooking)
• Ventilation and air-conditioning equipments
2
How the electrical power is generated in ship?
Electrical power is generated using a prime mover and alternator working

together. For this an alternating current generator used in the ship. This A.C
generator is working on the principle of Faradays law of electromagnetic
induction.
3
Electrical power generation and distribution
How A.C generator is working?
The generator consists of a stationary set of conductors wound in coils on an

iron core. This is known as the stator. A rotating magnet called the rotor
turns inside this stator producing magnetic field.
4
Electrical power generation and distribution
How the A.C generator is working?
This field cuts across the conductor, generating an induced EMF or electro-
magnetic force as the mechanical input causes the rotor to turn. The
magnetic field is generated by induction (in a brushless alternator) and by a
rotor winding energized by DC current through rotating exciter.
Finally the power generated in the stator is distributed to the ship load.
5
Major Classification of ship services
Ship services
Secondary essential Other services

Primary essential services
services
Services which needs not

- services which needs to be in necessarily be in continuous Services which are considered as
continuous operation to operation to maintain the minimum comparable conditions
maintain the propulsion and propulsion and steering but
which are necessary to maintain of habitability.
steering.
the vessel’s safety.
Example: Example: Example:
6
Steering gear Windlass,capstan,winches Cooking equipments
Electrical equipment for electric F.O & L.O transfer pumps,

propulsion plant with L.O and purifiers, starting and control air
cooling water pumps compressors Heating equipments
Generators and associated

Bilge ,ballast, Fire pumps,
power sources supplying the
ventilation fan for engine rooms
above mentioned equipment
Domestic refrigeration system
Generators and associated power

Hydraulic pumps supplying the
sources supplying the above
above mentioned equipment
mentioned equipment
Mechanical ventilation
Control, monitoring and safety Navcom equipments, Navigation
devices/systems of equipment lights and signalling equipments,
for primary essential services. Lighting ,Fire detection system
F.O,L.O & cooling water pumps Control, monitoring and safety

Sanitary and fresh water
for main and auxiliary engines devices/systems of equipment
necessary for propulsion for secondary essential services.
7
Different types of electrical power in ship:-
Onboard ships, there are three source of power is necessary to maintain the
ship services in both normal & emergency conditions. It can be classified as
follows,
• Main source of electrical power
• Emergency source of electrical power
• External source of electrical power
Main source of electrical power:-
 Supply electrical power to carry those loads for essential services and for
minimum comfortable conditions of habitability. Main generators are used
for this purpose in which installed in the engine room. Number and capacity
of main generators are finalized based on electrical load analysis.
8
Number and sizing of main generator
 Electrical load analysis is used to find the no & sizing of generator .
 Based on actual demand of individual consumers & various conditions of

ship (towing, harbour, action) load analysis will be made.
Guidelines for making load analysis:-
There are two main factors to be considered while making electrical

load chart given below.
1. Demand
2. Load factor or utility factor.
Demand factor : It indicates the continuous average load during operation of

the equipment.
Load factor or Utility factor : It indicates the estimated % of time the

equipment in operation over a 24 hrs period.
9
LOAD CHART FOR 25T B.P TUG
TSL YARD NO : 099,101
RATING CONNECTED SAILING TOWING FI-FI HARBOUR

S.NO EQUIPMENT QTY
LOAD
HP KW UF KW UF KW UF KW UF KW
(KW)
1 MOORING CAPSTAN 1 9.33 9.33 - - 0.80 7.45 - - - -
2 AIR COMPRESSOR 1 5.0 3.73 3.73 0.8 2.98 0.80 2.98 - - - -
3 BILGE & G.S PUMP-1 1 12.5 9.3 9.3 0.5 4.65 0.5 4.65 0.5 4.65 0.4 3.72
4 BILGE & G.S PUMP-2 1 12.5 9.3 9.3 0.5 4.65 0.5 4.65 0.5 4.65 0.4 3.72
10
Requirements of main source of electrical power:-
 Should consists of at least two gensets.
 Capacity of these gensets shall be such that in the event of failure of

working one ,the remaining one should able to hand the entire ship loads.
 to have sufficient reserve capacity to permit the starting of large motor on

board.
 to be capable of providing electrical services to start the main propulsion

machinery during dead ship condition.
Emergency source of electrical power:-
 Supply emergency power to the emergency switchboard in case of failure

of main source of power. Emergency power supply ensures that the essential
machinery and systems continues to operate the ship.
11
The following are the essential systems which needs emergency power in
ships,
 Steering gear control system
 Propulsion control system
 Fire detection and alarm system
 Ships navigation lights & emergency lights.
 Navigation, communication and alarm system
 Signaling equipment
 Control/Monitoring and Safety system
12
Requirements of emergency source of electrical power:-
 It can be either emergency generator or battery or both depends upon the

voyage of operation.
 Emergency source of power should be installed above the uppermost

continuous deck and not to be installed in the fwd collision of the bulkhead.
 Emergency source and its associated equipments shall not be located in

machinery spaces or containing main source of power.
Requirements for emergency generator:-
 Auto start during failure of main source of power.
 Two independent starting arrangement to be provided.
 Size of emergency generator is to meet emergency services.
13
Requirements for storage batteries:-
 carrying the emergency load without recharging while maintaining the

voltage of the battery throughout the discharge period within 12% above or
below its nominal voltage.
 Should be self maintenance type.
 Should not be located in accommodation areas.
External source of electrical power:-
 Supply shore side electrical power to a ship at berth while it’s main and
auxiliary engines are shutdown. Such source can be power grid or generator
or whatever it may be available in the shore side.
 Shore connection box is used to deliver the shoreside power to ship.
14
Requirements for shore connection:-
 Shore connection box shall be used to connect shore supply to ship.
 WT Shore connection box is to be located in weather deck port & stbd side
of the ship.
 The shore connection box should have the following essential features as
per classification rules.
• Voltmeter
• Phase sequence indicator
• Phase reversal switch
• Suitable interlock with ships generators. Switching-on of the shore
supply shall only be possible when ship generators have been shut-
off.
15
Electrical power distribution system
What is power distribution system?
 It is the final stage in the delivery of electrical power.
 Main function of PDS is to provide power to individual consumers.
How the electrical power is distributed in ship?
Onboard ships, the generated power is distributed to various consumers by

distribution networks. This network consists of the following main parts.
• Generating station
• Main switch board
• Distribution feeders
16
• Distribution transformers
• Distribution boards
• Consumer end
General requirements of distribution system:-
 System to be such that failure of any single circuit will not damage other
consumers.
 Voltage drop in each feeder should not exceed 6 % of rated voltage under
full load.
 Separate final sub-circuits to be provided for the motors used for essential
services.
 Separate final sub-circuits to be provided for lighting used in control station,

E/R areas.
17
System of supply and distribution:-
 415v AC three phase – three or four wire system used for high power
circuits(E.g. pumps, fans, ac units etc).
 230v AC single phase – two wire system used for lighting and domestic
circuits.
 24v DC -two wire system used for low power circuits. (Eg. Control and
monitoring system, emergency lighting, Navigation and communication
equipment’s).
18
Methods of power distribution system:-
The following are recognized as standard systems of distribution in ships.
a. D.C two wire insulated system
b. A.C , single phase two wire insulated system
c. A.C , three phase three wire insulated system
d. A.C , three phase four wire neutral earthed but without hull
return.
On shore – Earthed neutral system is essential, because of human being

safety. Priority is safety of the machinery & human beings.
Offshore – Onboard ship is totally different. Here priority is the continuous

operation of the machinery which are classed “essential”.In case of earth
fault, the machinery gets isolated, say for E.g. steering gear,then the safety
of the ship is at question.
19
What is insulated distribution system?
 Generator neutrals will not earthed here.
20
What is Earthed distribution system?:-
 Generator neutrals may be connected in common & this neutral point is

earthed at main switch board.
21
Fig . A.C & D.C distribution system

22
Quality of power supply:-
A.C distribution system:-
Variations
Parameter
Continuous Transient
Voltage +6% - 10% + 20% (recovery time 1.5 sec)
Frequency + 5% + 10% (recovery time 5 sec)
D.C distribution system:-
Parameters Variations
Voltage tolerance(continuous) + 10 %
Voltage (cyclic variation) + 5%
23
A.C distribution system:-
Variations
Parameter
Continuous Transient
Voltage +6% - 10% + 20% (recovery time 1.5 sec)
Frequency + 5% + 10% (recovery time 5 sec)
D.C distribution system:-
Parameters Variations
Voltage tolerance(continuous) + 10 %
Voltage (cyclic variation) + 5%
24
Major components of power distribution system:-
A ship board distribution system consists of different component for

distribution and safe operation of the system. They are:
1. Main Generating station
2. Main switch board
3. Main Bus bar
4. Distribution feeder circuit
5. Switchgear
6. Distribution board/Group starter panel
7. Emergency switch board
8. Lighting transformers
25
Major components of power distribution system:-
Fig. Typical distribution system

26
Main Generating station:-
 The space in which the main source of power is situated.
 It consists of prime mover and alternator for generting the power.
Fig. Main generating station.

27
Main switch board:-
Fig. Main switchboard
28
 Main power distribution centre of the ship.
 It is a metal enclosure taking power from the Main diesel generator and
supplying it to different consumers on board.
 Located in the centre of the distribution system normally in the engine

room or in engine control room.
Main Bus bar:-
 Which act as a carrier and load transfer from one point to another point.
 Can be found inside the switchboard.
 Size of bus bar is based on max. load demand onboard.
 Thick bars made of copper conductor & insulated each other and well
supported to the main switch board.
29
Fig. Main bus bar
30
Switch gear:-
 which act as a switch and in unsafe condition can be tripped to avoid

breakdown and accidents. Fuses as safety device for machinery.
 Used for switching, controlling and protecting the electrical circuits &
equipments onboard.
E.g – Fuses, circuit breakers, Relays
31
Distribution board/Group starter panels:-
 It is a metal enclosure taking power from the Main switch board and
supplying it to different domestic consumers.
Fig. Distribution board/Group starters

32
 Shipboard machinery may not be connected to the main switchboard

directly. There are small motors and other devices that consume very little
power and thus they may be grouped together. Instead of providing cables
for every such individual motor, a single cable is taken out from the main
switch board, supplying the distribution board which has a small bus bar
(equivalent to supply the motors). From this small bus bar, the supply is
provided for various starters of these motors via the circuit breakers. In this
way, the protection for the machinery is also precise, as a small fault in such
small motors will not operate the protection devices on the main switch
board.
Distribution feeder/Loads:-
 Distribution system can be divided into feeder side and the load side.
 Feeders are the generators & loads are various ship board aux. machinery.
33
Fig. Feeders and loads

34
Emergency switch board:-
 During normal operation, it will receive power main switchboard through

main generators. The emergency switch board gets it supply from the main
switch board. When the main generators fail, the main switch board looses
its supply and this causes the emergency generator to start automatically,
which will supply the emergency switchboard that is connected to various
ship board auxiliaries. Thus critical equipment and machinery (essential
services) are supplied always to maintain the safety of the ship and
personnel.
35
Fig. Emergency switchboard 36

Lighting Transformers:-
 It is a static machine used for transforming power from one circuit to

another without changing frequency.
 Used to step-down the voltage suitable for domestic loads onboard.
 It receives 415v from switchboard and converts to 230v ac supply.
37
Electrical motor controls
General:-
 All electrical motors onboard is provided with efficient means of starting

and stopping ,so placed as to be easily accessible to the person controlling
the motor. For this starter is used onboard. Various types of starter used in
ship as follows,
• DOL starter
• Star/Delta starter
• Soft starter
• Auto transformer starter
• Variable frequency drive
DOL - Used to start the motor directly. No control of current is applied. It is

used for the motor if rating below 5kw.
38
S/D – Used to start the motor with star/delta configuration. During starting
,motor is running with star and after that delta to obtain current limitation.
This type of starter is recommended for motor rating between 5 to 15kw.
Soft starter – Used for smooth starting of motors by using semiconductor

devices like SCR,IGBT . This type of starter is recommended for motor rating
of above 15kw.
Auto transformer starter – Used to start the motor through step by step
voltage method. By varying the voltage starting current can be controlled.
VFD – Same as soft starter. One important thing is speed control can be
obtained here.
39
Fig. schematic DOL starter.

40
Fig. schematic star-delta starter.

41
Fig. schematic soft starter.

42
Fig. schematic auto transformer starter.

43
Fig. schematic VFD starter.

44
Enclosures:-
• Electrical load analysis
• Single line diagram – MSB
• Single line diagram – 24v dc system
45
46

Training Slides PGD

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Training Slides PGD

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

1

Electrical power generation system

What is electrical power?

• Rate at which electrical energy is supplied to a circuit or consumed by

• It is measured in unit of watts.

Why electrical power is essential in ship?

• Electrical motors used for auxiliary machineries

• Domestic loads (lighting, heating, cooking)

• Ventilation and air-conditioning equipments

How the electrical power is generated in ship?

Electrical power is generated using a prime mover and alternator working

How A.C generator is working?

The generator consists of a stationary set of conductors wound in coils on an

How the A.C generator is working?

Secondary essential Other services

Services which needs not

Example: Example: Example:

Electrical equipment for electric F.O & L.O transfer pumps,

Generators and associated

Domestic refrigeration system

Generators and associated power

F.O,L.O & cooling water pumps Control, monitoring and safety

Different types of electrical power in ship:-

• Main source of electrical power

• Emergency source of electrical power

• External source of electrical power

Main source of electrical power:-

Number and sizing of main generator

 Electrical load analysis is used to find the no & sizing of generator .

 Based on actual demand of individual consumers & various conditions of

Guidelines for making load analysis:-

There are two main factors to be considered while making electrical

Demand factor : It indicates the continuous average load during operation of

Load factor or Utility factor : It indicates the estimated % of time the

LOAD CHART FOR 25T B.P TUG

TSL YARD NO : 099,101

RATING CONNECTED SAILING TOWING FI-FI HARBOUR

Requirements of main source of electrical power:-

 Should consists of at least two gensets.

 Capacity of these gensets shall be such that in the event of failure of

 to have sufficient reserve capacity to permit the starting of large motor on

 to be capable of providing electrical services to start the main propulsion

Emergency source of electrical power:-

 Supply emergency power to the emergency switchboard in case of failure

 Steering gear control system

 Propulsion control system

 Fire detection and alarm system

 Ships navigation lights & emergency lights.

 Navigation, communication and alarm system

 Control/Monitoring and Safety system

Requirements of emergency source of electrical power:-

 It can be either emergency generator or battery or both depends upon the

 Emergency source of power should be installed above the uppermost

 Emergency source and its associated equipments shall not be located in

Requirements for emergency generator:-

 Auto start during failure of main source of power.

 Two independent starting arrangement to be provided.

 Size of emergency generator is to meet emergency services.

Requirements for storage batteries:-

 carrying the emergency load without recharging while maintaining the

 Should be self maintenance type.

 Should not be located in accommodation areas.

External source of electrical power:-

 Shore connection box is used to deliver the shoreside power to ship.