Communication Technology & GSM Overview Day 1

Communication
Technology
Overview
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe the communication network and communication network
development
 Describe the full-service communication network and services on the network
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 2

Page2
Contents
1. Communication History
2. Full-Service Communication Network

Page3
Contents
1.1 Introduction to the Communication Network
1.2 Communication History

Page4
Structure Comparison Between the
Human Body and the Communication
Network
Human Body Communication
Core network Network
1 Brain Core network
2 Four limbs Access network
3 Nervous system Signaling systems and

control protocols
IP network
4 Muscles and Transport network
skeletons
5 Vessels and heart Internet Protocol (IP)
Access network
network 6 Blood IP message packages
7 Appearance Service network
So many similarities

Page5
Modern Communication Network
The modern communication

network involves four layers: Service network
• Service layer: service network
• Control layer: core network
• Bearer layer: IP network Core network
• Access layer: access network
IP network
Access network

Page6
How to Learn About the
Communication Network?
 How to learn about the communication network? — From
communication services.
Communication Communication Communication

service network device
Learn about the communication network from communication

services, and learn about communication devices from the
communication network.

Page7
Common Communication Services
No. Service Description Service Flow

1 Call service with a fixed telephone or Voice service Phone-phone
a mobile phone
2 Ring back tone (RBT) service Voice service Phone-phone
3 Short message service (SMS) and Data service Phone-phone

multimedia messaging service (MMS)
4 Broadband Internet access at home Data service PC-Internet
5 Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) hot spot Data service PC/phone-Internet
Internet access
6 Internet access with a mobile phone Data service Phone-Internet
7 Mobile newspaper Data service Phone-Internet
10 IPTV Data service TV-Internet
11 QQ and Skype Internet service PC/phone-PC/phone
12 Video with a mobile phone Voice & Data service Phone-phone

Page8
Contents
1.1 Introduction to the Communication Network
1.2 Communication History

Page9
Initiating a Call
 The communication history is the call extension history.
Communication
network
A fate match across a thousand miles is drawn by a thread. The

"thread" is the telephone line.

Page10
Differences Between Small Intermediate
Companies and Large Intermediate Companies
Small
intermediate
company
I see you. I find you!
Large intermediate company
Small Small
intermediate intermediate
company 1 company 2
I cannot see you, but I can also find you!

Page11
Comparison Between Intermediate
Companies and Network Devices
No. Intermediate Company Network Device
1 Small intermediate A small intermediate company Local switch A local switch has
company has only the registration telephone numbers
information about some of some subscribers
subscribers. in an area.
2 Large intermediate A large intermediate company Transfer switch A transfer switch

company has only the contact information does not have any
about small intermediate telephone number. It
companies that have has only the
relationship with it and is familiar mapping between
with the business scope and telephone number
subscriber scope of each small segments and local
intermediate company. switches.

Page12
Comparison Between the Local Switch and
the Transfer Switch
Local switch
Do not randomly disclose your location information.
Transfer switch
Local switch 1 Local switch 2
It is not easy to find you. Are you in Canada?

Page13
Operation Mode Comparison Between the
Intermediate Company and the Switch
Phase Operation Mode of Switch Mode

Intermediate Companies
1 Manual registration Public switched telephone
network (PSTN)
2 PC-based registration SoftSwitch
3 Internet-based registration IP multimedia subsystem

(IMS)

Page14
Evolution of the PSTN
1990-2000 2001-2010 2011-201X
PSTN SoftSwitch IMS
The basic call service is The basic call service and some Multimedia services are
provided, and the telephone is multimedia services are provided. provided. All services are
popularized in a large scale. The IP packet switched (PS) completely separated from the
The voice quality is good technology is adopted, control part. The fixed-mobile
because the circuit switched implementing the transition from convergence (FMC), the
(CS) technology is adopted. centralized control to development trend of the
Representative model: CC08- decentralized control and cost communication network, is
128 M switch saving. implemented.
Representative model: U-SYS Representative model: IMS
SoftX3000 SingleCORE

Page15
Evolution of the Mobile Phone Network
Mobile switching
SoftSwitch IMS
center (MSC)
The MSC functions as the The SoftSwitch on the mobile The FMC enables the PSTN
PSTN and provides the phone network functions as that and mobile phone network to
mobile call service. The on the PSTN. The IP PS use the same control system.
mobile phone is popularized technology is initially adopted, Multimedia services are
in a large scale. The CS implementing the transition from provided. All services are
technology is adopted. centralized control to completely separated from the
decentralized control. control part. The FMC is the
development trend of the
communication network.

Page16
Contents

Page17
Contents

2.1 History of the Mobile Network
2.2 3GPP R Version Evolution

Page18
Development of the Mobile
Communication System IMT Advanced
WCDMA
4G
GSM
3G
TACS/ AMPS
2G
IMS
SoftSwitch
IG
EPC
TDM-MSC UMTS-PS
GPRS
Analog LTE
cellular UTRAN
technology BSS

Page19
Network Architecture
PSTN
ISDN
MSC/VLR GMSC
GSM /GPRS BSS
BSC
BTS HLR/AUC
PCU
SS7
RNC SMS
NodeB SCP
GPRS backbone/
Internet,
Intranet
UTRAN SGSN GGSN
CG
BG
Other PLMN
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page20
Common Acronyms on Mobile
Communication Networks
• BSS: base station subsystem on a 2G • PS: packet switched

network
• MS: mobile station
• BSC: base station controller on a 2G
network • UE: user equipment
• NodeB: base station subsystem on a 3G • GSM: global system for mobile communications
network
• GPRS: general packet radio service
• RNC: radio network controller on a 3G
network • UMTS: universal mobile telecommunications
• UTRAN: UMTS terrestrial radio access system
network
• MSC: mobile switching center
• SGSN: serving GPRS support node
• GGSN: gateway GPRS support node • VLR: visitor location register
• EPC: evolved packet core • HLR: home location register
• MME: mobility management entity • IMS: IP multimedia subsystem
• S-GW: serving gateway
• HSS: Home subscriber server
• CS: circuit switched
• SAE：System Architecture Evolution • PCRF: Policy Rules and Charging Function

Page21
2G, 3G, and 4G networks and NE
names on the networks
2G 3G 4G
Network Name GSM WCDMA IMT-Advanced

technology
Radio side System name BSS UTRAN E-UTRAN (LTE)
Base station BTS NodeB The base station and base

station controller are
Base station BSC RNC combined into the eNodeB.
controller
Network CS MSC + HLR MSC + MGW + HLR CS services and PS
side services are combined:
PS GPRS UMTS-PS
IMS + HSS + EPC (MME +
(SGSN + GGSN) (SGSN + GGSN)
S-GW)
Mobile Name MS UE UE
terminal

Page22
Contents

2.1 History of the Mobile Network
2.2 3GPP R Version Evolution

Page23
3GPP R Version Evolution
• The IMS appears as a subsystem of the PS network in the 3GPP R5 phase.
3GPP R7
-Decresed
3GPP R6 latency,improve
-HSUPA, MBMS d QOS,HSPA+
3GPP R5
IMS and
3GPP R4 HSDPA
- All IP Core
3GPP R99 network: MSC
-first UMTS 3G server and MGW
networks
2000/03 2001/03 2002/03 2005/12 2006/X

Page24
Network Architectures in 3GPP R99 and R4
Phases
 The network in the Access network 3G core network External network
3GPP R99 phase

Network architecture in the
3GPP R99 phase
consists of the CS
CS MSC/VLR/GSM_SSF
network and PS
network. HLR/SCP
PS GGSN/SGSN
• The MSC is split into CS domain in the 3GPP R99 phase CS domain in the 3GPP R4 phase
the MSC server and
TUP/ISUP TUP/ISUP/BICC
MGW. The call control MSC server MSC server
is separated from the MSC TDM

MSC
media bearing. MGW TDM/ATM/IP
MGW
RAN RAN RAN RAN

Page25
Mobile Network (3GPP R4 Phase)
CS-mobile phone PSTN

network
RAN
PS-PS network Internet
3GPP R4 version HLR

MSC Server
GMSC Server
Iu-CS PSTN
NodeB
RNC MGW MGW
IP
Iu-PS
NodeB
SGSN GGSN
Page26
Mobile Network (3GPP R5 Phase) —
IMS
Versions later than 3GPP R5 IMS
HSS MRF
MSC Server
MGCF
CSCF
Iu-CS
NodeB PSTN
RNC MGW IP MGW
Iu-PS
NodeB
SGSN GGSN

Page27
2018/7/27 Internal use only
GSM Fundamentals
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential

Contents
Introduction to GSM
GSM Network Components
Basic call setup
Handover
Radio Technologies
The Future Development
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 29

What is GSM ?
 Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a

second generation cellular standard
developed to cater voice services and
data delivery using digital modulation

GSM: History
• Developed by Group Speciale Mobile (founded 1982) which was an
initiative of CEPT(Conference of European Post and Telecommunication )
• Aim : to replace the incompatible analog system
• Presently the responsibility of GSM standardization resides with special
mobile group under ETSI ( European telecommunication Standards Institute
)
• Full set of specifications phase-I became available in 1990 Under ETSI,
GSM is named as “ Global System for Mobile communication “
• Today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 135
countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
• More than 1500 million subscribers in world and 80 million subscriber in
India.

The Frequency Spectrum
GSM 900
GSM GSM
890 915 935 960

MHz
Duplex Separation: 45MHz

Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz

The Frequency Spectrum
DCS 1800
Base Station Receive Base Station Transmit
1710 1785 1805 1880MHz
Duplex Separation: 95MHz

Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz

CELL
Omni
Omni-Directional Cells
1
120 Degree Sectors 1

120
degree 2
3

Frequency Re-Use
What is Frequency Re-Use?
Each sector radiates a frequency ( from the pool

allocated to that particular operator ).
Because frequency resource of mobile system is
very limited,
The different Subscribers must use the same
frequency in different places.
Of course, the quality of communication must be
ensured.

Frequency Re-Use
How can we reuse frequency?
7 23
7(Site)X 1(Cell)
Re-use 1
6 4

Frequency Re-Use
5
1
7 9 6
4(Site)X 3(Cell) 3 2
5 11 8 10
Re-use 1 4
9 6 12 7
2 3
10 5 11
1
9

GSM Services
 Tele-services
 Bearer or Data Services
 Supplementary services

Tele Services
Telecommunication services that enable voice communication

via mobile phones.
Mobile telephony
Emergency calling

Bearer Services
Include various data services for information transfer

between GSM and other networks like PSTN, ISDN etc
at rates from 300 to 9600 bps
Short Message Service (SMS)
Fax
Voice mailbox
Electronic mail

Supplementary Services
Call related services :
Call Waiting- Notification of an incoming call while on the handset
Call Hold- Put a caller on hold to take another call
Call Barring- All calls, outgoing calls, or incoming calls
Call Forwarding- Calls can be sent to various numbers defined by the user
Multi Party Call Conferencing - Link multiple calls together
CLIP – Caller line identification presentation
CLIR – Caller line identification restriction
CUG – Closed user group

Contents
Introduction to GSM
Basic call setup

Handover
Radio Technologies

Objectives
On completion of this section

you will be able to:
Draw the structure of GSM
Identify the functions of

each component

NSS AUC
HLR
EIR
OSS OMC
MSC/VLR PSTN
SIM
ME BTS BSC
MS
BSS

Mobile Station—MS
MS=ME+SIM
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
– Mobile Equipment
International Mobile Subscriber Identity

(IMSI) – Subscriber Identity Module

Subscriber Identity Module – SIM
• User Specific-International Mobile

Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
• Tools needed for authentication and
ciphering .
• Encoded network identification details-
Key Ki, Kc and A3,A5 and A8 algorithms
• Can be moved from phone to phone –
contains .key information to activate the
phone

Base Station Subsystem – BSS
MSC
 The Base Station Controller – BSC

 The Base Transceiver Station – BTS
 The Trans-coder –
BSS TC/SM
TC and Sub multiplexer (SM)
BSC
BTS

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
 Encodes , encrypts , multiplexes , modulates and feeds

the RF signals to the antenna.
 Frequency hopping
 Communicates with Mobile station and BSC
 Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units

BSC/TCSM
Base Station Controller (BSC)
 Manages Radio resources for BTS

 Assigns Frequency and time slots for all MS’s in its area
 Handles call set up
 Handover for each MS
 Radio Power control
 It communicates with MSC and BTS
Transcoder sub multiplexer(TCSM)
 Transcoding and rate adaptation functionality.

 Converts 16Kbps to 64Kbps & vice-versa.

The Network Switching System
NSS AUC
HLR
OMC EIR
EC PSTN
MSC/VLR
IWF
Mobile Switching Center – MSC

Home Location Register – HLR
Visitor Location Register – VLR
Equipment Identity Register – EIR
Authentication Center – AUC BSS
Inter-Working Function – IWF
Echo Canceller – EC

Mobile Switching Center – MSC
 Heart of the network

 Manages communication between GSM and other
networks
 Call setup function and basic switching
 Call routing
 Billing information and collection
 Mobility management
 Registration
 Location Updating
 Inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff

Home Location Register – HLR
 Subscriber ID (IMSI and MSISDN)
 Current subscriber VLR (current location)
 Supplementary service information
 Subscriber status (registered/deregistered)

Visitor Location Register – VLR
 Mobile Status(IMSI detached/ attached)
 Location Area Identity(LAI)
 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)
 Mobile Station Roaming Number(MSRN)

Authentication Center (AUC)
 Protects against intruders in air interface
 Maintains authentication keys and algorithms and

provides security triplets ( RAND,SRES,Kc)
 Generally associated with HLR
 Authentication key and AuC functionality

Equipment Identity Register – EIR
Database that is used to track handsets using the IMEI.
Only one EIR per PLMN.
•White List
•Black List IMEI
Is Checked against White List
•Grey List
If NOT found,
checked against
If NOT found, checked Grey/Black List
against White List
indications IMEI
Is Checked against Black/Grey List
If found, returns a Black
or Grey List indicator

Operation and Maintenance Sub System
OSS(NMC)
OMC OMC
OMC
Region2 Region 3
Region 1

Operation and Maintenance Center – OMC
OMC – R: OMC assigned specifically to

the Base Station Subsystem
OMC – S: OMC assigned specifically to

the Network Switching Subsystem

OMC Functional Architecture
Event/Alarm Security
Management Management
MMI
OS DB
Fault Configuration
Management Management
Performance
Management

Contents
Introduction to GSM
Basic call setup

Handover
Radio Technologies

Set up and maintain a call
• Where is the
subscriber
• Who is the
subscriber
• What does the

subscriber want
Information about
the subscriber
subscriber has to be located and identified to provide him with

the requested services

Example to demonstrate these processes.
•A traveler wants to spend one night in hotel.

Registration and Database
BTS
Person about to use

a mobile phone
Point to point connection between the caller and the

person who is called. Necessary that the network knows the
subscriber’s location

Outgoing Call
1. MS sends dialed number to BSS
2. BSS sends dialed number to MSC
3,4 MSC checks VLR if MS is
allowed the requested service. If
so, MSC asks BSS to allocate
resources for call.
5 MSC routes the call to GMSC
6 GMSC routes the call to local
exchange of called user
7, 8,
9,10 Answer back(ring back) tone is
routed from called user to MS via
GMSC,MSC,BSS.

1. Calling a GSM
subscribers
Incoming Call 2. Forwarding call to GSMC
3. Signal Setup to HLR
4. 5. Request MSRN from
VLR
6. Forward responsible MSC
to GMSC
7. Forward Call to current
MSC
8. 9. Get current status of
MS
10.11. Paging of MS
12.13. MS answers
14.15. Security checks
16.17. Set up connection

Databases in a GSM Network
GSM Network
HLR
VLR
MSC
SIM
 HLR stores the basic data of the subscriber on a permanent

basis. The only variable data in the HLR is the current location VLR
address of subscriber.
in the VLR, the subscriber data is stored temporarily. When the
subscriber moves to another VLR area, its data is erased from the
old VLR and stored in the new VLR.
Location Update
HLR
VLR VLR
MSC
MSC (new)
(old)
Location
Update
SIM
Mobile moves

Location Update
MS BSS MSC VLR HLR
LOCATION UPDATE REQUEST
REQUEST SUBSCRIBER ID
SEND SUBSCRIBER ID
REQUEST SUBSCRIBER INFO
SEND SUBSCRIBER INFO
AUTHENTICATION
AUTHENTICATION RESPONSE
ALL OK - HLR UPDATE

A Mobile Terminated Call and Paging
A- GMSC HLR MSC/VLR
PSTN
Subscriber
CALL SETUP (MSISDN)

ANALYSE NUMBER
CALL SETUP (MSISDN)
MSISDN
IMSI
MSRN
MSRN
CALL SETUP (MSRN)

PAGING

A Mobile Originated Call
EXC GMSC HLR MSC VLR BSS MS
1. channel assignment
2. security procedures
3. call setup
4. check services etc.
5. all ok
6. call is proceeding
7. traffic channel allocated
8. set up the call
9. call set up complete

10. alert
11. B answers

Contents
Introduction to GSM
Basic call setup

Handover
Radio Technologies

What is Handover?
Maintaining the traffic connection

with a moving subscriber is made
possible with the help of the
handover function

Two reasons for performing a handover
Handover due to measurements
Handover due to traffic

Handovers
 Between 1 and 2 – Inter

BTS / Intra BSC
 Between 1 and 3 –
Inter BSC/ Intra MSC

 Between 1 and 4 –
Inter MSC

Security in GSM
 On air interface, GSM uses encryption and
TMSI instead of IMSI.
 3 algorithms are specified :
- A3 algorithm for authentication

- A5 algorithm for encryption
- A8 algorithm for key generation

Authentication in GSM

Contents
Introduction to GSM
Basic call setup

Handover
Radio Technologies

Battery Life
Power Control
Voice Activity Detection – VAD
Discontinuous Transmission – DTX
Discontinuous Reception – DRX

Power Control
Both Uplink and Downlink

power settings can be
8W
controlled independently
and individually.
0.8W
5W
Saves radio battery power
Reduces co-channel and
adjacent channel interference

VAD & DTX
Without DTX
Encoding the speech

silences at a rate of 500
bit/s rather than the full
13Kb/s.
If the mobile does not

transmit during ‘silence’ With DTX
there is a reduction in
the overall power output
requirement
Comfort
Noise
DRX
DRX allows the mobile station to effectively “switch off” during

times when reception is deemed unnecessary.
BCCH Multiframe P = Paging Channel
PPPPPP BCCH PP
MS Being MS in MS receive System MS in

paged listen mode listen mode
information
Multipath Fading
•Diversity
•Frequency
Hopping
Time Dispersion
Diversity
Approx. 10
wavelengths
When diversity is implemented two
antennas are situated at the receiver.
These antennas are placed several
wavelengths apart to ensure
minimum correlation between the
two receive paths.
Compare or
The two signals are then add signals
combined, this ensures that a
low signal strength is less likely
to occur.
Resultant Signal

Frequency Hopping
Each time the BTS or mobile transmits a burst, it

does so on a different RF carrier frequency.
Synthesizer Hopping:each frequency

timeslot on a given transceiver
can transmit at a different
frequency
Baseband Hopping: each

transceiver stays at the same
frequency and the data is
switched to the appropriate
transceiver.
time
Contents
Introduction to GSM
Basic call setup
Handover
Radio Technologies

Objectives
On completion of this section

you will be able to:
State the future development

of digital cellular mobile
system

Voice and Data Service
Service Data
amout
Voice
Today 2000 Time

Mobile Communication and Internet
million
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Mobile Internet

GSM Develop Path
3G
2Mbps
2.5G IMT-2000
384kbps
EDGE
115 kbps
2G
57.6 kbps GPRS
9.6 kbps HSCSD
GSM
1999 2000 2001

Data rate of EDGE and GPRS
Kbps 59.2
60.0
54.4
50.0 GPRS 44.8

EGPRS
40.0
29.6
30.0
22.4
20.0
20.0 17.6
14.4 14.8
12.0 11.2
8.0 8.8
10.0
0.0
CS-1 CS-2 CS-3 CS-4 MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 MCS-5 MCS-6 MCS-7 MCS-8 MCS-9
GMSK 8PSK

Thank you
www.huawei.com

Communication Technology &amp; GSM Overview Day 1

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Copyright © 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 2

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 3

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 4

2 Four limbs Access network

3 Nervous system Signaling systems and

7 Appearance Service network

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 5

The modern communication

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 6

Communication Communication Communication

Learn about the communication network from communication

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 7

No. Service Description Service Flow

3 Short message service (SMS) and Data service Phone-phone

11 QQ and Skype Internet service PC/phone-PC/phone

12 Video with a mobile phone Voice & Data service Phone-phone

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 8

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 9

A fate match across a thousand miles is drawn by a thread. The

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 10

I see you. I find you!

Large intermediate company

I cannot see you, but I can also find you!

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 11

2 Large intermediate A large intermediate company Transfer switch A transfer switch

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 12

Do not randomly disclose your location information.

Local switch 1 Local switch 2

It is not easy to find you. Are you in Canada?

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 13

Phase Operation Mode of Switch Mode

3 Internet-based registration IP multimedia subsystem

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 14

1990-2000 2001-2010 2011-201X

PSTN SoftSwitch IMS

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 15

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 16

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 17

2. Full-Service Communication Network

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 18

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 19

• BSS: base station subsystem on a 2G • PS: packet switched

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 21

Network Name GSM WCDMA IMT-Advanced

Base station BTS NodeB The base station and base

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 22

2. Full-Service Communication Network

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 23

2000/03 2001/03 2002/03 2005/12 2006/X

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 24

3GPP R99 phase

is separated from the MSC TDM

RAN RAN RAN RAN

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 25

CS-mobile phone PSTN

3GPP R4 version HLR

Versions later than 3GPP R5 IMS

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential 27

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential

GSM Network Components

Basic call setup

The Future Development

Communication Technology & GSM Overview Day 1

Communication Technology & GSM Overview Day 1