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DR THULFIQAR
DM
BLOCK 3
INTRODUCTION
• Both cast and wrought alloys have, respectively,
been used in dentistry.
• General requirements of cast alloys are that they
(1) be easily melted,
(2) cast and finished,
(3) be corrosion and tarnish resistant in mouth
(4) not contain toxic or allergenic components
(biocompatible)
TYPES
A. Dental Casting Alloys
Main types of dental casting alloys in use:
1. Gold alloys (high-content & medium-content):
Bridges; crowns; inlays; clasps; lingual bars; root
canal posts; porcelain fused to metal
2. Cobalt-chromium: Framework of partial dentures
3. Nickel-chromium: Bridges; crowns; porcelain
fused to metal
4. Silver-palladium: Bridges; crowns; porcelain
fused to metal
5. High-content palladium: Porcelain fused to
metal
B. Wrought Alloys
Wrought alloys, i.e.
- those which have been work hardened,
- are often used where superior mechanical
properties are required, and
- often in the form of wires.
Examples of wires include the following:
1. Gold alloy wires: Clasps; root canal posts
2. Cobalt-chromium-nickel wires: Clasps; root
canal posts
3. Stainless steel wires: Orthodontic applications
4. Nickel-Titanium wires: Orthodontic applications
DIRECT GOLD FILLING
• Direct-filling Gold : Work hardened gold was
formerly used for filling teeth
• Pure gold, available in various forms including gold
foil, was condensed into a cavity
• Gold plugger: An instrument used to condense
gold foil into cavity which, in turn, was struck with a
wooden mallet.
• The pressure exerted on the material resulted in
cohesion of the various incremental additions
work hardened the material.
• While the technique was considerably developed and
refined, the method was time-consuming and
stressful and is little used nowadays.
• In addition, alloys could be work-hardened by a
process of SWAGING –
adapting an alloy sheet to the shape of the palate
on a suitable die, as relevant to the production of
a wrought denture base
GOLD CASTING ALLOYS
• Suitably-formulated gold alloys are sufficiently hard
to be used directly in the mouth, in the form of
castings.
• These may encompass inlays, crowns, bridges, clasps
A wax pattern is formed to the required shape,
followed by investing and casting of the alloy.
Generally, the casting may then be cemented in
place after a suitable try-in.
• Some gold alloy formulations allow the hardness of
the casting to be varied by a heat treatment prior to
final cementation.
• In gold alloys, however, it is of importance that the
total base metal content is not sufficiently great that
corrosion, and tarnish, resistance is significantly
compromised.
• The main types of dental casting alloys which contain
gold as a major component are as follows:
1. High-content gold alloys
2. Porcelain fused to metal (PFM) alloys
3. Medium-content gold alloys
1. HIGH CONTENT GOLD ALLOYS
• The attraction of high-content gold alloys as casting
materials is four-fold:
i. Corrosion resistant
ii. Biocompatible
iii. Easily melted & cast
iv. Full compensation possible for shrinkage on
cooling
• Type II:
medium (ordinarily used for dental restorations
and appliances which are subject to moderate
stress: 3/4 crowns, abutments, pontics, full
crowns and saddles)
• Type III:
hard (ordinarily used for dental restorations
and appliances which are subject to high stress:
thin 3/4 crowns, thin cast backings, abutments,
pontics, full crowns and saddles)
• Type IV:
extra hard (ordinarily used for dental
restorations and appliances which are thin in
cross-section and subject to very high stress:
saddles, bars, clasps, crowns, thimbles and unit
castings)
ISO 1562 ALLOYS - SELECTED REQUIREMENTS
HIGH GOLD-CONTENT ALLOYS
GENERAL COMPOSITIONS
Traditional terminology described
• Types I-III as Inlay Golds (soft-medium-hard),
• Type IV as Partial Denture Gold,
latter based on the previous use of this material as the
framework for a partial denture.
• The composition of these alloys must be at least
75% (wt) gold and metals of the platinum group
(platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium,
osmium), in the case of Type IV, with
correspondingly higher values for the other types.
1. Mechanical interaction
2. Adhesion (chemical bonding)
MECHANICAL BONDING
• The mechanical bonding of porcelain with metal
results from fusion of the porcelain into undercuts
in the metal surface.
• Suitable undercuts can be created by grit-
blasting the surface to be coated.
• Before fusion of the porcelain,
this metal surface must be thoroughly clean and
degreased.
Otherwise, the porcelain will not wet the surface
evenly and cracks may nucleate into the porcelain
where the contact with the metal is poor
ADHESION
• The chemical structure of dental porcelain bears little
obvious similarity with the structure of metals.
• Thus, the direct chemical bonding of porcelain to
metal would appear to be unlikely.
• However, certain metal ions can be incorporated into
dental porcelain, outside of the chain network, in the
form of ‘network-modifying oxides’
• If these metal ions are obtained from the surface of
the metal casting, a gradual structural transition
between pure oxide and pure metal may be achieved.
Such circumstances would make chemical bonding
possible.
• In effect, chemical bonding of porcelain to metal is
obtained by fusion of the porcelain to a metal
oxide layer on the surface of the casting.
2. COBALT-CHROMIUM-NICKEL WIRES
• These wires contain about
Co, 40%; Cr, 20% Ni, 16%,
together with lesser components, including
carbon.
• Young's modulus is similar to that of the Ni-Cr
casting alloys.
3. STAINLESS STEEL WIRES
• Austenitic stainless steel 18-8 is commonly used
in orthodontic devices.
• Care must be taken is soldering such wires to
avoid loss of corrosion resistance
4. NICKEL-TITANIUM WIRES
• These wires are based on the
intermetallic NiTi (Nitinol, Titanal, Titanol) and
feature a shape-memory effect, hence shape
memory alloys (SMA).
The shape-memory effect is
not of major clinical significance
a 'parent' shape is established at about 400oC and
the metal cooled.
On further deformation at low temperature, the
material reverts to its 'parent' shape on heating to its
transition temperature Tg which can take a value in
the range 0°C to about 100°C, depending on the
precise alloy composition.
SWAGING
• Swaging is the adaptation of sheet metal to a die
under pressure.
• The process is accompanied by work hardening.
• The process may be used for the production of a
denture base in sheet stainless steel.
GOLD SOLUBILITY
• Gold is not soluble in sulfuric acid, nitric, or
hydrochloric acids.
• It dissolves in combinations of nitric and
hydrochloric acids.
• It also dissolved by a few other chemicals, such as
potassium cyanide and solutions is nearly of
bromide or chlorine.
APPLICATION
Alloys
• mixture of gold + noble metals platinum, palladium
or silver + copper + zinc.
• easy for the dentist to manipulate but is strong,
stiff, durable & resistant to tarnish & corrosion.
• Alloys are used for inlays, crowns and bridges.
Gold
pure gold metal (in the form of foil, powder or thin
flake like crystals known as 'mat gold'),
wrought alloys (in the form of wires and plates),
casting alloys and gold alloy solders.
GOLD FOR SOLDERING
•Soldering is a particularly important dental
technique for the connection of individual
components.
•In metallurgy terms, solder refers to alloys melting
below 425°C in contrast to alloys for brazing which
melt above this temperature.
•In dentistry, the generic term soldering is used to
cover all such operations.
•The dental solder alloys are generally based on an
alloy of gold, silver and copper with possibly small
additions of tin, zinc or nickel.
GOLD BEATING
• High purity gold is first passed through a series of
rollers and then annealed until the gold is in a
ribbon about 0.0025 mm thick. (= to the thickness
of tissue paper)
• The ribbon is cut into small pieces.
• Each piece is placed between two sheets of paper,
which are the placed one over the other to form a
packet.
• The packet may contain 200-250 small piece of
gold ribbon.
• The packet is beaten by a hammer until desired
thickness is obtained usually 0.00064 mm.
CONTENT
• The gold content of the alloy will vary according to
the precise application.
• A typical crown and bridge alloy may contain 62-78
per cent gold, with silver, platinum and palladium
added to make at least 75 per cent noble metals,
plus copper and zinc.
EFFECTS OF ALLOY COMPONENT