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SYSTEMS
Ravikiran S. Anande
CONTENTS:
Attitude & Orbit control system
TTC&M system
Power system
Communication subsystems
Satellite Antennas
Space Qualification
Equipment Reliability
Telemetry, Tracking, Command
& Monitoring(TTC&M)
Telemetry & Monitoring
System:
It collects data from many sensors within satellite &
send these data to the controlling earth station.
Horn Antennas
Reflector Antennas
Array Antennas
Wire Antennas:
These are used primarily at VHF & UHF to
provide communications for the TTC&M
systems.
They are positioned with great care on the
body of the satellite in an attempt to provide
omnidirectional coverage.
An antenna pattern is a plot of the field
strength in far field on antenna.
It is usually measured in decibels(dB).
Horn Antennas:
These are used at microwave frequencies
when relatively wide beams are required, as
for global coverage.
A horn is a flared section of waveguide that
provides an aperture several wavelengths
wide and a good match between the
waveguide impedance and free space.
Horns are also used as feeds for reflectors
Reflector Antennas:
The most often used antenna for satellite systems,
particularly for those operating above 10 GHz, is
the parabolic reflector antenna.
These are usually illuminated by one or more horns
and provide a lager aperture compared to horn
antenna.
Parabolic reflectors offer a much higher gain than
that achievable by the horn antenna alone.
Array Antennas:
Array antennas are also used on satellites to
create multiple beams from a single aperture.
Multiple beams are formed by combining the
radiation from several small elements made up of
dipoles, horns etc.
Iridium and Globalstar used these kind of
antennas to generate up to 16 beams from a
single aperture for their LEO mobile telephone
systems.
Equipment Reliability & Space
qualification:
Once satellite is in geostationary orbit, there is little
possibility of repairing components that fail or adding
more fuel for station keeping.
The component that make up the satellite must
therefore have very high reliability.
Two approaches are used: Space qualification of every
part of the satellite to ensure that it has a long life
expectancy in orbit & redundancy of most critical
components to provide continued operation when one
component fails.
Space Qualification:
Outer space, at geostationary orbit distances, is a
harsh environment.